Q2 Notes Packet Unit 9 Western Frontier Unit 10 Immigration

Q2 Notes Packet Unit 9 Western Frontier Unit 10 Immigration
Unit 11The Gilded Age Unit 12 Industrial Development Unit 13 Growth of Big Business Unit 14 Growth of the Labor Movement Unit 15 Populists and Progressives Unit 16 Imperialism Unit 17 WWI

AMERICA SETTLES THE WEST- LATE 19TH CENTURY Unit 9
Vanishing Frontier AMERICA SETTLES THE WEST- LATE 19TH CENTURY Unit 9

CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE
The ______________ of the Plains Indians was not well known to Easterners Native Americans and Whites came into bloody conflicts over the ______________ THE PLAINS

Plains Indians hunt the buffalo.

THE DAWES ACT The Dawes Act of attempted to _____________ natives breaking up of _____________ and the introduction of natives into American life By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had been taken

Assimilation Before After

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ___________
Destruction of the buffalo: _________ and fur traders shot buffalo for sport 1800: 65 million 1890: < 1000 SHIRTLESS HUNTER WITH HIS KILL

Cattle Kingdom RISE FALL
Increase in RR Refrigerated RR cars Land from ____________ Americans New breeds of cattle Boarding houses, saloons, hotels, and restaurants sprung up all over the West Harsh weather Less grass for grazing Drought Beef prices ____________ Large businesses bought out smaller Farmers began to buy up more land Violence increased in the Cow Towns RISE FALL THE CATTLE KINGDOM WILL TAKE A NEW APPROACH…..

TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS

The Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869.

Transcontinental Railroad
Union Pacific began in Council Bluffs, Iowa (1,087 miles) Central Pacific began in Sacramento California (690 miles) Met at Promontory Point, Utah Many immigrants, such as Irish, _____________and __________________ constructed the railroad.

Railroad Consolidation
As railroad lines grew in length, __________ ____________ were implemented to improve safety and reliability.

The Union Pacific meets the Central Pacific at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869.

Impact of the Railroads.
Railroads brought growth to the west The railroads enabled people, supplies, and mail to move ______________ and cheaply and safer across the plains and the mountains. The largest cities and towns developed where major railroad lines met. Because of their rapid ____________, western territories began to apply for statehood. Nevada, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington all became states from 1864 – 1890.

The Railroad spurs the growth of other industries.
The lumber industry grows, because ________________ is needed to build the train tracks. The steel industry grows because steel is needed to build the tracks. The __________industry grows because coal is needed to fuel the train. The growth of these industries opens thousands of new jobs for workers.

A difficult life for the farmers:
Farmers had to cut through thick, hard earth called _____________ Winters were harsh; cold, windy with a lot of snowstorms called blizzards Summers were hot and had little rain Farmers had to use a technique called dry-farming (growing crops that needed little water.) Sometimes ____________ would eat all the crops Locust swarm

EXODUSTERS Many African Americans moved to the ____________ from the 1840s to late 1890s. They were escaping the difficult life in the South where Whites practiced __________________ Laws and denied African Americans their new Constitutional Rights.

Exodusters moving West.
I hope there’s no KKK. I hope there’s no slavery in the West. Maybe we can vote in the West.

HOMESTEAD ACT People staked their claim by finding a section of _______________ that was marked. Then they registered the piece of land with the government. After cultivating the land for ________years, it was theirs for free.

Immigration Unit 10

~Rosa Cavalleri, Italian immigrant
Who is imigrating? -Old Immigration Western and Northern Europe -New Immigration, 1890 Eastern and Southern ____________ Germany, Italy, Russia, Poland (to East Coast) Asian Immigration Come to America to mine, worked on railroads, then as farmers (West Coast) Hispanic Immigration Come to the South and East for political ____________ “America…We were so near it seemed too much to believe. Everyone stood silent- like in prayer…Then we were entering the harbor. The land came so near we could almost reach out and touch it…everyone was holding their breath…” ~Rosa Cavalleri, Italian immigrant

Where did immigrants go upon entering America?
-difficult ____________ 1-3 weeks in steerage with diseases and not much food -Ellis Island, NY immigrant processing Physical ____________, government inspection (criminal record) -Angel Island, SF Harsher examinations, detentions Waiting in line at Ellis Island in New York. This was the major immigrant in-processing station in the nation, as 17 million immigrants passed through its gates to gain entrance to the United States.

What awaited immigrants in America?
-Culture ______________ Need a home and job in a brand new culture ethnic communities Similar language/customs -Melting Pot Mixing together of all cultures by assimilation -____________________ Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years Once in America, new immigrants had to endure physical examinations (to check for disease and lice), as well as governmental examinations, which checked your criminal record in your previous country. While many were admitted, some were sent back home.

How did Urban areas grow?
-urban life 1/12 in /3 by 1900 -immigrant settlement In cities for cheap housing and available jobs -decline of ___________ new technology, fewer workers -closing of the frontier People move to the cities -____________________ Available jobs -cultural opportunities Most immigrants settled in and around the major cities because of their proximity to jobs, as well as allowing cultural groups to stay together. When this happened, places like “Little Italy” and “Chinatown” sprang up across major cities.

URBAN PROBLEMS -poor housing row houses Single-family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses ___________________ Multi-family dwellings; over-crowded, unsanitary -_______________________ Mass transit to move people to jobs (street car, subway) -rising crime rates Small police forces and the poor are very desperate

URBAN PROBLEMS -few city services water
Indoor plumbing rare, water _____________to drink sanitation Manure, sewage and trash in streets, foul air fire Wood dwellings with candles and oil lamps Small fire departments with limited water supply -pollution and disease Lack of ________________

Who raised awareness to how immigrants were living?
-Social _________________ Christian theme of helping the less fortunate Salvation Army -Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” Book about the urban poor written to get help -Jane Addams Hull House, Chicago _______________Houses Community centers in slums that provide services to the poor Jacob Riis and Jane Addams crusade for the poor to improve their urban living conditions in the major cities. “Presently she established a kindergarten, a gymnasium, evening classes, clubs for young people and clubs for old people, and a day nursery where workingwomen might leave their children. As her work advanced she experienced the need of more room and several buildings were added to the original brick Hull House.”

“All that glitters is not gold…”
The Gilded Age Unit 11 A glittering exterior turns out to be a corrupt political core with a wide gap between the rich and poor “All that glitters is not gold…”

What did the corrupt govt do?
-________________ Illegal use of political influence for personal gain -_______________ Taking illegal payments for services -fraud Using fake names and the votes of the dead The construction of the New York County Courthouse involved extravagant graft and kickbacks. The project cost taxpayers $13 million, while the actual construction cost was only $3 million. The difference went into the pockets of a political boss and his followers.

What is a _____________Machine?
Political machines helped the poor to gain voting loyalty -party dominates an area Gained control by offering services in exchange for political/financial support -_________________, loyalty, graft Get their people elected, then appoint others with patronage Government not helping the poor, city bosses will -boss controlled many jobs, services “I’ve been called a boss. All there is to it is having friends, doing things for people, and then later on they’ll do things for you…You can’t coerce people into doing things for you—you can’t make them vote for you. I never coerced anybody in my life. Where you see a man bulldozing anybody he don’t last long.” ~”Big Jim” Pendergrass, Kansas City “Boss”

Boss Tweed cartoons

What did the Tweed Ring Do?
William “Boss” Tweed -controlled NYC -____________________Hall ring Stealing money, corrupt police Notorious -exposed by political cartoonist __________________________ Exposed the Tweed Ring corruption through a series of cartoons Broken in 1871, Tweed put in jail for fraud and extortion “I don’t care so much what the papers write about me—my constituents can’t read; but…they can see pictures!” ~”Boss” Tweed on Thomas Nast’s cartoons depicting his Tweed Ring corruption

The Tammany Tiger Loose
A bloodthirsty Tammany mascot has mauled the Republic, having broken her shield, the ballot, through corruption. The rotund emperor, Tammany Boss Tweed enjoys the spectacle, sitting among other Democratic politicians. The way Nast drew the rampaging tiger looking directly at the reader, clearly its next victim.

How was the patronage system eliminated?
-patronage system puts unqualified people in positions Leads to _____________ and corruption Rutherford Hayes Campaigns for political reform Merit system - People should be qualified to hold government offices ______________Act passes Civil service jobs tested President Hayes wants to end the corruption seen during the Grant presidency by eliminating the use of the patronage system. Why would some people be against this?

Unit 12 Industrial Development
Which American industries do you think make the most money? Why?

Why the 2nd Industrial Revolution?
-by 1880, U.S. is world’s leading producer of goods - unlimited labor force - abundant ___________ supply - iron mining - discovery of _______ in US - railroad development The United States, nearing the turn of the century in the 1880s and 1890s, teemed with immigration from many European nations, as well as many Chinese immigrants. These immigrants provided a steady work force, as well as a cheap work force, as employers could get away with paying them less per hour.

Edwin Drake’s discovery of oil led many to drill for the “black gold
Edwin Drake’s discovery of oil led many to drill for the “black gold.” At first, the unrefined petroleum brought in money for its producers and refiners. Entrepreneurs began petroleum-refining industries to transform the oil into kerosene for lamps, and they got rid of the by-products, like gasoline. It was not until the production of the car and other mechanized items, that oil refining became big business.

What is a _________ _______ government?
- government allows business to do whatever it wants -unlimited immigration supplied labor -high tariffs protected American business -public financing of railroads for shipping goods

What new innovations and technologies were available in late 1800s?
-telephone Alexander Graham Bell -light bulb Thomas Edison -electric power -Nikola ____________ —AC Power -_________________ Process makes mass production of steel possible (skyscrapers) -typewriter paves the way for new jobs for women - Motion picture – silent film

Iron is a dense metal, but it is soft and tends to break and rust
Iron is a dense metal, but it is soft and tends to break and rust. It also usually contains other elements, such as carbon. Removing the carbon from iron produces a lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal—steel. The raw materials needed to make steel were readily available; all that was needed was a cheap and efficient manufacturing process. The Bessemer Process increased iron refining into steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out excess carbon and impurities (which make iron rust). This improved (and cheaper) method of steel production led to a steel boom. Major industries, such as the railroads prospered from this, as well as architectural projects.

Which Entrepreneurs were making money?
-John D. Rockefeller Standard _____________ -Andrew Carnegie US ________________ -J.P. Morgan bankers banker -Cornelius Vanderbilt railroads -Dupont Family steel industry -James B. Duke tobacco industry -George Westinghouse power and electronics

Unit 13 Growth of Big Business

What are the advantages of big business?
-____________________ Electricity and innovations make production quick/cheap -economy of ____________ The more you produce, the easier and cheaper it is -manager system Appoint qualified employees to oversee production Productivity Study (Taylor) Limit movement = increase efficiency Andrew Carnegie perfects production and company organization to make major profits in his steel company.

What are the disadvantages of Big Business?
-unfair competition Difficult for small businesses to compete -_____________ and __________________ No unemployment or welfare Citizens needed jobs Could fire them easily Destroyed labor unions Many Americans began to distrust the big businessmen and the trusts they set up, claiming that they limited competition and held control over government officials and Congressmen. How is this represented in the cartoon presented above?

How did the public react to Big Business?
Some unhappy with rich getting richer and poor getting poorer Social ________________ -survival of the fittest -the best businesses survive - justified their ______________ And while the law of competition may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the fittest in every department. ~Andrew Carnegie

What are the types of big business?
-______________ integration Buy out similar competing producers to control industry Earn more money by buying out your suppliers Own all phases of production from start to finish -monopoly Company controls all production and sales (high prices) -trust (Rockefeller) Corporations unite to reduce competition Horizontal and Vertical Integration allowed big businessmen to increase their profits even more by limiting the amount of competition available.

McDonald’s Corporation: Example of Vertical Consolidation
Sample : _________ Phase: __________ Phase: ___________ Phase: ___________ Phase: ___________ Phase: ___________

McDonald’s Corporation: Example of Horizontal Consolidation
Sample : _________ Business 1: _______ Business 2: ________ Business 3: ________ Business 4: ________ Business 5: ________

What is a Robber Baron? Public calls for regulation
-extreme profits made by business owners Public calls for regulation Big business practices _______________ -Philanthropy grows: Donate money to charities and back to society Gospel of _____________ (Carnegie) Donate money to society (book) “The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…Of such as these the public verdict will then be: ’The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” ~Andrew Carnegie, 1889

“There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.”
“Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community.” ~ Andrew Carnegie Some big businessmen, like Andrew Carnegie, believed in the “Gospel of Wealth,” in which they donated their money back to society. Carnegie was the most generous of these, donating 90% of his profits back to society by building centers for the arts across the country, like Carnegie Hall, pictured above in NYC.

“The only question with wealth is, what do you do with it.”
Although Rockefeller kept most of his assets, he still gave away over $500 million, establishing the Rockefeller Foundation, providing funds to found the University of Chicago (seen below), and creating a medical institute that helped find a cure for yellow fever. “The only question with wealth is, what do you do with it.” “Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people know you are doing the right thing.” ~John D. Rockefeller

What is the ______________ Anti Trust act of 1890?
The Standard Oil Company took a different approach to mergers: they joined with competing companies in trust agreements. Trusts turned their stock over to a group of trustees—people who ran the separate companies as one large corporation. In return, the companies gained large dividends on profits. Trusts were not legal because they limited competition and free trade. What is the ______________ Anti Trust act of 1890? Made it Illegal to form a trust that interferes with free trade Weak law - never really broke up ________________ “Competition is a sin.” ~John D. Rockefeller “What a funny little government!”

Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?
“The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…of such as these the public verdict will then be: ‘the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” Andrew Carnegie “Charity is injurious unless it helps the recipient to become independent of it.” John D. Rockefeller “Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people know you are doing the right thing.” John D. Rockefeller “There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.”

Monopoly cartoons

American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Use the textbook to answer the questions on this chart. Knights of Labor American Federation of Labor (AFL) p. 484 p. 486, 556, & 589 Who is eligible to join? What were the goals of the union? What were the union’s methods of achieving its goals? What was the public’s perception of the union?

The Growth of the American Labor Movement Unit 14

The Changing American Labor Force

What were labor conditions like?
Long hours, ________ days a week, few breaks Poor working conditions – no safety features No vacation days, sick days, insurance, workmen’s ____________ Management does not care about the worker, only about their output

“Galley Labor”

Management vs. Labor “scabs” Pinkertons lockout _____________
“Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs” Pinkertons lockout _____________ court injunctions open shop ____________ sympathy demonstrations informational picketing closed shops organized strikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

What are the Goals of the Knights of Labor?
___________-hour workday. Workers’ cooperatives. Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child and prison labor. Increased circulation of greenbacks. Equal pay for men and women. ________________ codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign labor. Abolition of the National Bank.

An injury to one is the concern of all!
Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket Martyrs

The American Federation of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers

How would the AF of L Help the Workers?
Catered to the ___________________worker. Represented workers in matters of national legislation. Maintained a national strike fund. Evangelized the cause of unionism. Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. Mediated disputes between management and labor. Pushed for _____________________ shops.

Homestead Steel Strike (1892)
Homestead Steel Works The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers

A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

The Pullman Strike of 1894

President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

Government by injunction!
The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW
Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big Union

Who is Mother Jones? “The Miner’s Angel”
Mary Harris. Organizer for the United __________ Workers. Founded the Social Democratic Party in ___________. One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

Workers Benefits Today

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

Right-to-Work States Today

Populist and Progressive Reform Movements
Unit 15

THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A POPULIST CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR
What is the Populist Party? ___________organizing together to form a political party Railroads have all the power and farmers have none Populism – the movement of the ______________ (1892) THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A POPULIST CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR

What did Populist want to reform?
Economic reforms: increase of _________supply a rise in crop prices lower taxes a federal loan program Political reforms: direct election of senators single terms for presidents _______ -hour workday and reduced immigration

Why did they want these reforms? THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED IN 1893
THE PANIC OF1893 _____________ went bankrupt the stock market lost value 15,000 businesses and 500 banks collapsed 3 million people lost their _____________ unemployment 20% THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED IN 1893

THE PEOPLE’S PARTY WAS SHORT-LIVED BUT LEFT AN IMPORTANT LEGACY
How did populism end? Bryan (populist) and McKinley (Republican) in heated election (________________ Wins) Populism collapsed but leaves a message that: that the downtrodden can _____________and be heard An agenda of reforms, many of which would be enacted in the 20th century THE PEOPLE’S PARTY WAS SHORT-LIVED BUT LEFT AN IMPORTANT LEGACY

What is the Progressive Era?
A time where Reform minded people wanted to see a change in ___________, government, and the economy Why? Over crowded cities - no sewage systems, tenement living, increased immigration, poor conditions Factory system – pro business attitudes did not protect workers Corrupt government and __________________ attitudes

What are the Progressives 6 major goals?
_____________ Protection Cleaning Up the Cities Consumer Protection _________________ Protection Government Reform Women’s Suffrage

Who was _________during the progressive era?
Theodore Roosevelt – became President after McKinley’s assassination. Known as the “Progressive President” and the “Trustbuster” ___________________Deal William Taft – not as Progressive as TR, but supported the goals Woodrow Wilson – elected in 1912 as a Democrat, criticized for his lack of Progressive vision, but passed more Progressive laws than the previous 2

1. Labor Protection _____________Anti-Trust Act – trust busting
Clayton Anti-Trust Act – allowed labor unions to strike and protest peacefully ______________ Labor Laws – 1912 Safety Laws Worker’s Compensation

2. Cleaning Up the Cities Jacob Riis – How the other half lives
Settlement Houses – help the poor _______ Amendment – income tax Women’s Christian Temperance Movement – ___________ amendment - no alcohol

3. Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair The _______________ (book)
Lead to the _________Inspection Act Pure food and Drug Act – stop the sale of contaminated foods and called for truth in labeling

4. Environmental Protection
Roosevelt made conservation a primary concern of his administration 148 million acres of _______________reserves 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and he established 50 ________________sanctuaries and several national parks

5. Government Reform Stop Government _____________ like Tammany Hall
Need to pass test to hold office _________ Amendment – direct primary, direct election of senators

6. Women’s Suffrage National Women’s Suffrage Association
Years of _____________, petitions, marches ____________ Amendment passed 1920 give women's right to vote

Imperialism Begins Unit 16

Why did America chose Isolationism?
-stay out of ___________ affairs -___________ advice -had been policy of government (since ______________ Doctrine) Do not get involved in the affairs of other nations “We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.” - The Monroe Doctrine -

- Senator Albert Beveridge -
What is Imperialism? - Build an __________ beyond U.S. - taking colonies for economic interests (raw goods, new __________) -Everyone else is doing it - spheres of influence: regions where a particular country has rights over mines, railroads and trade “Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours…We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products…Great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow about our posts of trade.” - Senator Albert Beveridge -

How did America build its empire?
-Alaska : 1867 Seward’s Folly Purchased from ________ Congress believed there was nothing in Alaska -Hawaii : 1898 overthrew the Queen of Hawaii Led by American _____________ planters in Hawaii “I, Liliuokalani,…do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional government of the Hawaiian Kingdom…Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest…yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall…undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian islands.”

Why did America get involved with Cuba? (Spanish-American War)
-The Spanish Ruled _______ 90 miles south of Florida -Spanish ruled harshly Cubans rebel and ask for US help; want independence -yellow _______________ Hearst and Pulitzer Exaggerated news for public sympathy and increased circulation The rebellious Cubans appealed to America for help against Spain. Many Americans agreed with their need, yet many still did not want to fight. The yellow journalists, led by Hearst and Pulitzer, spurred war fever by printing sensationalized war stories to spark American sympathy.

Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

The press played a tremendous part in leading the charge toward America's involvement in Cuba. Two publishers, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, stood out among these opportunists. They perceived the conflict with Spain as their chance to increase circulation of their newspapers. Seizing upon the opportunity to capitalize on the growing spirit of American patriotism, Hearst and Pulitzer printed sensational anti-Spanish stories. Graphic illustrations commissioned from some of the country's most-talented artists and stories written by premiere authors and journalists of the day were fodder for fueling the flames of war. Together, Hearst and Pulitzer created a frenzy among the American people by reporting the alleged brutality of the Spanish toward the Cuban rebels. (However, acts of outrage committed by the Cubans were seldom mentioned.) By the time the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, the pro-war press had roused national sentiment to the point that President McKinley feared his political party would suffer if he did not engage in war with Spain. This drawing of male Spanish officials strip search an American woman tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels appeared on the front page of Hearst’s paper.

-Pulitzer’s New York World, 1896-
“No man’s life, no man’s property is safe in Cuba. American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American property is destroyed on all sides… Wounded soldiers can be found begging in the streets of Havana…The horrors of a barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native population are witnessed in all parts of the country. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!...Is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?” -Pulitzer’s New York World, 1896-

What occurred to start the Spanish-American War?
-De Lome Letter Spanish ambassador insulting American President Printed in _________________ -U.S. sends ship to observe -USS Maine explodes in Havana 260 dead Newspapers all blame Spain Probably a fire that started inside ship -”Remember the____________” Battle cry for war against Spain U.S. declares war in April 1898 “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” ~William Randolph Hearst, yellow journalist newspaper producer

- Clara Barton from Havana Harbor -
“The deafening roar was such a burst of thunder as perhaps one never heard before. And off to the right, out over the bay, the air filled with a blaze of light, and this in turn filled with black specks flying in all directions.” “The sailors’ wounds were all over them – heads and faces terribly cut, internal wounds, arms, legs, feet, and hands burned to the live flesh.” - Clara Barton from Havana Harbor -

Cartoons Published in American Newspapers

Why did American capture the Philippines?
-U.S. attacks Spanish colony when war starts; capture the islands Destroys all _____________ ships Helps Filipino rebels American wanted: Raw goods, markets Close to _________ In the Battle of Manila Bay, Spain lost over 381 men, while American lost only one sailor.

Meanwhile in Cuba… _________________ (rag-tag group of volunteers) – Teddy Roosevelt Leader - San Juan Hill : U.S. Cavalry defeats Spanish ”Splendid Little War” Fighting is short lived (15 wks) More died of disease than battle Treaty of Paris, 1898 Puerto Rico is part of U.S. U.S. buys Philippines ($20 million) Spain gives up Guam to the U.S. and Cuba is free U.S. now has an ____________

What about Asian Interests?
- Many _____________ to buy US goods - Places in China that are influenced by foreign nations -Open Door Policy - John Hay asked for access to China afraid America would get forced out -Asked leaders to share trading rights in ___________ with the U.S. -Boxer’s Rebellion - Chinese upset with foreigners killed 200 people

What is going on in Panama?
-Panama is part of Colombia -U.S. tries to negotiate a ___________treaty Want a shortcut between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans -Colombia refuses -Panama has a ______________ backed by the U.S. -America gets its canal built between Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years Signaled that America was climbing towards the #1 World Power

The Panama Canal Controversy
Although Roosevelt denied any role in planning the revolution that freed Panama from Colombia, he later said, “I took the canal zone and let Congress debate, and while the debate goes on the canal does also.”

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt
Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt

How is foreign policy influenced by imperialism?
Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy How is foreign policy influenced by imperialism? -Roosevelt Corollary- Addition to the Monroe Doctrine called… -______________Policy U.S. will use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America -Taft’s ___________Diplomacy Replace European loans with American loans Stabilize Latin America – replace bullets with dollars Teddy Roosevelt argued that disorder in Latin America might “force the United States…to the exercise of an international police power” in order to protect US interests.

Unit 17 THE FIRST WORLD WAR

What were the MAIN causes of WWI?
___________________– The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending ALLIANCE SYSTEM – By 1907 Europe was divided into two armed camps _____________________– Economic and political control over weaker nations NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

Which Alliance was America in?
Triple _______________): France, Britain, and Russia The Triple ______________ powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and soon the Ottoman Empire TRIPLE ENTENTE FRANCE BRITAIN RUSSIA

The Archduke is assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914
What sparked WWI? The Balkan region AKA “Power keg of Europe” became unstable: Russia wanted access to the Med. Sea Germany wanted a railroad to the Ottoman empire Austria-Hungary, took control of _______________ Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne was gunned down by a ________________ radical igniting a diplomatic crisis The Archduke is assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914

Where did the fighting begin?
On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, following a strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan: Attack Paris and ______________ prevent a two-front war for _________________ The Schliefflen Plan

What is up with trench warfare?
The Allies retreated to the Marne River in ______________ Between enemy trenches was “_________________ land” – an area pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire British soldiers standing in mud

German Soldiers The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in such a harsh environment.

Why does America want to stay neutral?
In 1914, most Americans saw _________ reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away – they wanted neutrality Most importantly, American _________interests were far stronger with the Allies French propaganda poster portrayed the Germans as inhuman and impacted American attitudes toward the Germans

How does the War finally hit America?
1st 2 years of war: America was _______________ weapons to the allied forces Both the Germans and British imposed naval blockades on each other The Germans used U-boats (submarines) to prevent _______________ to the North Atlantic ships are sunk German U-boat 1919

What inches America closer to war?
The ________________ Disaster: A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American tourists claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against ________________ and the Central Powers May 7, 1915

What is the Zimmerman note?
a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German Ambassador in ______________, proposed an alliance Germany promised Mexico a return of their “lost territory” in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona Next came the sinking of four unarmed U.S. merchant ships by German subs America declares _________ April (Zimmerman note) Encoded message from Germany to Mexico

Is America ready for war?
America was not ready for war – only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared Congress passed the _________________________ Act in May of 1917 (draft) About 2 million American troops reached Europe “____________________” eager to fight and welcome relief for European troops

What new weapons are used in the war?
Machine Guns – Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute The ______________– New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads Airplanes – Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a fleet of planes that could deliver bomb loads ____________Gas – mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy

GERMANY COLLAPSES, WAR ENDS
How does the War end? GERMANY COLLAPSES, WAR ENDS Austria-Hungary, surrendered to the Allies That same day, German sailors ___________against their government _______________to exhausted to continue So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, Germany signed a truce ending the Great War War ends 11/11/18

What are American’s doing at home?
The entire U.S. _______________ was focused on the war effort In the process, the power of the U.S. government _____________ Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy

What are Victory Gardens?
Food Administration (FA) declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “_________________” Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public _______________ Farmers grew almost 30% more by adding 40 million acres of farmland

What are Liberty bonds? The U.S. had two major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war (________________) The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort The rest was raised through war ___________ sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

How did Women help the War Effort?
Took _________________jobs: railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, factory workers, and miners served as volunteers in organizations such as the Red Cross Their service hastened the passage of the ______________ Amendment in 1920 giving women the right to vote

What are the Terms of the treaty?
Big 4: United States, Italy, _________, Britain Met to establish treaty of ____________ Hall of Mirrors

What did the Treaty of Versailles say?
9 new nations established includes: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire empires are no more _______________________: Cannot maintaining an army give Alsace-Lorraine back to France Must pay _________billion in reparations to the Allies The Big Four met at Versailles

What legacy is left by WWI?
The propaganda campaign provoked powerful _____________ in society created political instability and violence for many countries ____________ -1st communist state Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict WWI 22 million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20 million wounded.

Q2 Notes Packet Unit 9 Western Frontier Unit 10 Immigration

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Q2 Notes Packet Unit 9 Western Frontier Unit 10 Immigration

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