1. Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10)
Study of human body
Anatomy: study of body structure
Physiology: study of body function

2. Anatomy “cutting up” Location, what it looks like
Gross anatomy: study of body structures visible to the naked eye
Microanatomy: needs microscope. Histology is the study of tissues which is a type of microanatomy
Systemic anatomy: studies body structures with in a given organ system like the digestive, muscular or skeletal systems
Regional anatomy: studies all structures with in a given region of the body like the head or leg.

3. Physiology “study of nature”
How does it work
The way the body obtains energy and manages its use in order to maintain stability

4. Directional terms
Anatomical position (p.6 fig. 1-2) is the position of a person standing upright facing the observer with arms at sides and toes and palms turned forward
Copy table 1-1

5. Directional terms Superior (cranial): towards head
Inferior (caudal): away from head
Anterior (ventral): towards the front or belly side
Posterior (dorsal): towards the back side
Medial: towards midline of body
Lateral: away from midline
Superficial (external): towards surface of body
Deep (internal): inward from surface
Proximal: towards structure’s origin to trunk
Distal: away from structure’s origin to trunk

6. Directional terms
EX. Look at wrist and elbow, the elbow is proximal with respect to the wrist because it is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.

7. Imaginary flat surfaces
Body planes
Imaginary flat surfaces
Sagittal
Frontal
Horizontal

8. Sagittal Plane Divides body into left and right sides
*midsagittal: equal left and right
*parasagittal: non equal left and right

9. Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

10. Horizontal (Transverse Plane)
Divides body into superior and inferior
Questions

11. Structural levels of organization
How the body is organized from simple to complex
Atoms  molecules  cell  tissue  organs  organ systems  organism

12. 1. Cells · Formed from combination of molecules
· They are the basic structural and functional units of life
· Smallest living parts of the body
· Macromolecules “large” provide structural foundation
*proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

13. 2. Tissue
· group of similar cells combined to perform a common function. There are 4 types:
A. epithelial: close arrangement of cells with little intercellular material. Covers body surface, lines inside of organs and body cavities, forms glands.
B. connective: abundance of extracellular material with few cells. Function in support and binding of body structures
C. muscle: specialization to contract
D. nervous: sends nervous signals

14. 4 Tissue Types

15. 3. Organ
Two or more different types of tissue which combine and form a general function
Organs usually have distinct shapes

16. 4. System
Organization of 2 or more organs and their associated structures

17. 1. Integumentary System Organs: skin
Function: protects underlying structures and loss of body fluid

18. 2. Muscular System
Organs: Muscles
Function:
movement

19. 3. Skeletal System Organs: bone
Function: support and protection of softer body parts

20. 4. Nervous System Organs: brain, nerves, spinal cord
Function: controls homeostasis by causing muscles to contract and glands
to secrete

21. 5. Endocrine System
Organs: pituitary,thyroid,adrenal, pancreas, gonads Function: release hormones

22. 6. Cardiovascular System
Organs:heart,
arteries,veins Function: transport materials to and from body cells

23. 7. Lymphatic System Organs:spleen,
thymus, tonsils,vessels Function: remove dead cells and foreign bodies

24. 8. Respiratory System Organs: larynx,trachea, lungs
Function: gas exchange between blood and external environment

25. 9. Digestive System Function: break apart food for absorption to blood
Organs: esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver
Function: break apart food for absorption to blood

26. 10. Urinary System Organs:kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: control
water and salt
balance.

27. 11. Reproductive System Organs:testes, urethra,penis, ovaries,uterus,
vagina
Function:
production of
new individuals

28. 5. Complete Organism
Composed of many systems, which depend on one another to perform. Survival and reproduction are the goals of the body’s internal activities.
Questions 31-59