1. Unit 6 Human Physiology Systems Review

2. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS: Physiology BI9. As a result of the coordinated structures and functions of organ systems, the internal environment of the human body remains relatively stable (homeostatic) despite changes in the outside environment. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know how the complementary activity of major body systems provides cells with oxygen and nutrients and removes toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide. b. Students know how the nervous system mediates communication between different parts of the body and the body’s interactions with the environment. c. Students know how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in the body. d. Students know the functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses. e. Students know the roles of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in sensation, thought, and response.

3. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS: Physiology BI10. Organisms have a variety of mechanisms to combat disease. As a basis for understanding the human immune response: a. Students know the role of the skin in providing nonspecific defenses against infection. b. Students know the role of antibodies in the body’s response to infection. c. Students know how vaccination protects an individual from infectious diseases. d. Students know there are important differences between bacteria and viruses with respect to their requirements for growth and replication, the body’s primary defenses against bacterial and viral infections, and effective treatments of these infections. e. Students know why an individual with a compromised immune system (for example, a person with AIDS) may be unable to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are usually benign.

4. I. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy A. Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to each other (from Greek ana-apart and tomy- to cut)

5. Physiology B. Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function (from Greek physio- nature and ology- the study of)

6. Levels of Structural Organization II. Levels of Structural Organization- biologist have identified levels of organization that make it easier to classify and describe the cells within an organism Atoms  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems

7. Organ System Overview III. Organ System Overview- 11 systems in the human body Integumentary System A. Integumentary System- external covering of the body (the skin) 1. Largest organ of the body 2. Waterproofs body and protects deeper tissues from injury 3. Secretes salts and urea (waste products) in perspiration (regulates body temperature 4. Sensory receptors in skin (temp, pressure, pain, etc.) 5. Serves as barrier against infection and protection from UV rays from sun

8. Skeletal System B. Skeletal System- consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints 1. Supports the body 2. Provides framework for skeletal muscles 3. Protection 4. Produces blood in cavities of skeleton 5. Storehouse for minerals

9. Muscular System C. Muscular System- to produce movement by contraction 1. Skeletal muscles- allows body to move 2. Heart muscle and of other hollow organs- move fluids (blood, urine) and other substances (such as food, wastes, hormones, etc.)

10. Nervous System D. Nervous System- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors 1. Allows body to respond to stimuli (light, sound, temperature, pressure, etc.) 2. Operates on electrochemical impulses 3. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles or glands

11. 3. Regulated by feedback controls that function to maintain homeostasis Endocrine System E. Endocrine System- controls body activities, but acts more slowly than nervous system (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes) 1. Endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream 2. Regulates other structures (growth, reproduction, food use by cells, etc.)

12. Feedback mechanism of endocrine system

13. Circulatory System cardiovascularlymphatic F. Circulatory System- composed of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems cardiovascular 1. Heart and blood vessels make up cardiovascular system 2. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances around the body Lymphatic 3. Lymphatic system picks up fluid (lymph) leaked from blood, filters it, and returns it to the blood via network of vessels

14. Respiratory System G. Respiratory System- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs 1. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (waste product). 2. Gas exchange occurs through walls of the air sacs of the lungs

15. Digestive System H. Digestive System- basically a tube running from mouth to anus (mouth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus 1. Breaks down food (with help of digestive enzymes) and delivers products to the blood 2. Reclaims water

16. Urinary System I. Urinary System- rids body of nitrogen- containing wastes (urea and uric acid) includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra 1. Maintains bodies homeostatic balance of water, salt, nitrogenous wastes 2. Regulates acid-base balance of the blood

17. Reproductive System J. Reproductive System- exists primarily to produce offspring

18. Immune System K. Immune System- your bodies primary defense against pathogens (disease causing agent) a. First line of defense- your skin, mucus, sweat, and tears. b. Second line of defense- inflammatory response 1. Non-specific defenses 2. Specific defense- called immune response

19. Homeostasis- as a result of coordinated structures and functions of organ systems, the internal environment of the human body remains relatively stable (homeostatic), despite changes in the outside environment.