2. Empires of the 16 th and 17 th Century I. Ottoman Empire created by Osman (1258-1326) a. Created a small state for his people the Ottomans b. His successors would expand the state i. Advantage of gunpowder

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4. IV. Safavids and the Shi’a Empire a. Create an empire based on the Shi’a branch of Islam b. Fought against the Ottomans most notably c. Great Ruler Shah Abbas brings them a golden age of cultural blending and acceptance

5. V. Mughal Empire (Mongols) a. Spread Islam to Hindu India b. Effected Architecture such as the Taj Mahal (As seen below)

7. VI. Spain’s Empire a. Philip II inherited Spain 1. Expands to control Portugal and parts of a. Africa b. India c. East Indies 2. Gains incredible wealth through holdings in the Americas a. Creates a large standing army

9. b. Literature i. Don Quixote man of La Mancha 1. by Miguel De Cervantes 2. Known as the birth of the Modern European Novel

10. VII. France a. Between 1562 and 1598 many wars were fought between the Huguenots and Catholics b. Henry of Navarre (Bourbon Dynasty) i. Huguenot King, Opposed by Catholics 1. For his country Henry converts iii. 1598 signs Edict of Nantes 1. Declaration of religious tolerance c. Louis XIII i. Appointed strong minister, Cardinal Richelieu`(increases monarchy's power) 1. Did not allow Huguenot towns to have walls 2. Weakened noble’s power a. Ordered to take down their fortified castles ii. Changed the 30 Years War from a religious to a political conflict

11. d. Louis XIV i. Archetype of the absolute monarch 1. Centralized Power 2. Ruled through Devine Right a. King was ordained by God i. Weakened power of the nobles 1. Placed them at the palace so he could keep an eye on them ii. Mercantilism 1. Make France as self sufficient as possible 2. Government funded businesses 3. High tariffs on imports iii. Created Versailles 1. symbol of royal power

12. VIII. 30 Years War (1618-1648) a. fought between Catholics and protestants b. Results i. Germany Devastated ii. Peace of Westphalia (1648) 1.Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria 2. Strengthened France 3. Ended religious wars in Europe 4. Introduced the new method of peace negotiation where all parties meet

14. IX. Prussia a. Fredrick II “Fredrick the Great” i. Create a militaristic society ii. Gained lands in Prussia in the

15. XI. Russia a. Peter the Great (1672-1725) i. Russia had almost no exposure to the West and the Renaissance or Reformation ii. Visits West on “Grand Embassy” 1. Gets ideas for reform and the idea that the sea was the future of Russia b.. Attempt at Westernization a. Introduced Potatoes b. Began a Newspaper c. Told the nobles to dress in western fashions

16. XII. England a. Charles I i. Needed money for wars with France and Spain ii. 1628 Parliament refuses to grant the King money unless he signed a petition iii. King agreed so he could get them money then ignored it

17. b. English Civil War (1642-1649) i. Charles I needed money to put down a rebellion in Scotland and needed to call Parliament into session to get it 1. Parliament passes laws to limit the Power of the King a. Charles tried to arrest members of Parliament leading to a riot causing him to flee England ii. Those loyal to Charles (Cavaliers) vs. the supporters of Parliament (Roundheads) iii. 1644 Oliver Cromwell begins winning battles and continues until the Kings capture in 1647 1. King executed in 1649 after standing trial a. Why is this so important? b. Cromwell establishes a Commonwealth but ends it in favor of a dictatorship i. A puritan Cromwell seeks to usher in an age of morality

19. iv. Restoration 1. After Cromwell’s death his government fell and the people asked Charles II to come rule England Decreased the strict moral rules instituted by Cromwell e. Glorious Revolution i. After Charles II, James II becomes King 1. Flaunts his Catholicism and violates English law by appointing Catholics to high office 2. Parliament protested and James dissolved it 3. Has a son greatly concerning the public about a line of Catholic Kings a. Parliament asks Mary, James older sister, to have her husband William of Orange overthrow the British king i. Mary was protestant ii. William agrees and invades England 1. James II flees

20. ii. Results of the Glorious Revolution 1. Constitutional Monarchy created through the Bill of Rights of 1689 a. No i. Suspending of Parliamentary law ii. Levying taxes w/o consent of Parliament iii. Interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament iv. Penalty for someone who petitions grievances

21. XIII. China a. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) b. Qing Dynasty i. Policy of isolationism

24. XIV. Japan a. Era of Sengoku (warring states) {1467-1568} i. Powerful samurai create a feudalism 1. Underneath are daimyou (nobles)

25. a. Tokugawa unites Japan i Creates Tokugawa Shogun 1. Line of rulers linked by blood a. Much like the Monarchs of Europe 2. Society a. Feudalism i. Emperor 1. Daimyo/Shogun a. Samurai ii. Peasants/ Artisans iii. Merchants

26. The Age of Exploration I. Factors influencing exploration (God, Glory, and Gold) a. Muslims controlling the land route to Asia i. Forces Europeans to explore new ways to the West b. Spread Christianity c. Technological advances i. Caravel 1. Sturdy 2. Triangular sails ii. Astrolabe iii. Magnetic compass

27. d. Impact i. Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) ii. Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East) iii. Scientific transfer—medicine, astronomy, mathematics

28. II. Portugal a. Prince Henry ii. Founded a navigation school b.. By 1460 Portuguese ships had traveled down the west coast of Africa and established trading posts there c. Bartholomew Dias reached the Southern tip of Africa 1488 d. Vasco De Gama sailed around Africa and reached Calicut in India i. Established first sea route to India

30. e. Trading Empire i. Conquered important ports in west India a. Lead to the ownership of the islands of Malecca or “Spice Islands” f. Nations such as Spain follow suit as Ferdinand Magellan sails to the Phillipenes and clams them for Spain

31. III. Competing claims in the East a. 1600- Dutch and English attempt to create their own trade empires i. Dutch owned the largest fleet in the world ii. Eventually Dutch and English break the Portuguese hold on the east iii. Compete with each other for dominance 1. Both create East India Companies eventually the Dutch get the better of the competition

33. IV. Japan a. Portuguese came in 1543 i. Brought firearms among other items 1. Way of the Samuri ending b. Christian missionaries i. Welcomed because they were associated with trade ii. Began converting large numbers of Japanese to Christianity 1. Upset Tokugawa Ieysau 2. By 1612 he focused on ridding his country of Christians iii. 1637- uprising led by many Christians infuriates the Japanese leadership iv. Ended religious tolerance in Japan

34. c. Closed country policy i. By 1639 Japan had safely excluded itself from both merchants and missionaries ii. Nagasaki was the only port remaining open for trade

35. VI. Atlantic Exploration a. Spanish, Columbus discovers Caribbean islands in 1492 b. Portuguese, Ferdinand Magellan 1522 i. Circumnavigates the globe d. Spanish, Ponce De Leon, 1513, i. Claims modern day Florida e. French, Jacques Cartier 1534 i. Discovers St. Lawrence River ii.Follows it toward island and named it Mont Royal

36. VII. Spanish in Americas a. Hernando Cortez, 1519 i. Lands on the shore of Mexico ii. Carved through Mexico in hopes of gold and silver iii. reaches Aztec capitol of Tenochtitlan iv. Aztec leader Montezuma II thinks Cortez is a god v. Conquers the Aztecs because 1. Superior weaponry 2. Other tribes assistance 3. Disease

37. b. Francisco Pizarro, 1532 and the Incas i. Defeated Incas c. Spain’s influence on the Americas i. Live with the conquered people, intermarrying ii. Mestizos- mixed Spanish and Native Americans iii. Encomienda system 1. Conquered people basically slaves to Spanish 2. Many natives revolt but without success iv. Catholic priests accompany conquests 1. Create Santa Fe in what is now New Mexico

38. VIII. New France (Canada) a. Fur trade dominates IX. English a. Establish Jamestown in 1607 b. Puritans settle in “New England”, 1620

39. IX. Slavery And the New World a. Death of Native Americans causes a need for cheap labor b. Plantations require large number of laborers i. Why Africans 1. Exposed to European disease 2. Had experience farming 3. Foreign to the land c. Between 15 and 1600 i. 300,000 Africans were deported to the Americas ii. 1.2 million in the 1600’s c. Many African rulers play a cooperative role in the slave trade

41. c. Triangular trade i. First route 1. European goods to West Africa a. Exchange for Africans 2. Africans transported across Atlantic sold in the West Indies b. Exchange for Sugar 3. Merchants bought sugar and Tobacco in West Indies and sailed back to Europe

43. d. Slavery in Americas i. Poor treatment 1. Sold at auction 2. Not properly fed or clothed ii. Some revolted

44. e. Results i. Africa 1. Lost generations of most fit 2. Devastated society a. Tore apart families b. Introduced guns i. Increased war ii. America 1. Allowed for economic, colonial success 2. Agriculture a. Allowed SC to become a successful rice growing state

45. II. Columbian Exchange a. Global transfer of foods, plants and animals b. From America to Europe i. Potatoes and Corn 1. For longer healthier lives! c. From Europe to America i. Livestock 1. Horses 2. Cattle 3. Pigs ii. Disease 1. Kills native Americans

47. III. Commercial Revolution a. New wave of business and trade practices prompted by successes in colonization of the Americas b. Capitalism i. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations ii. System based on private ownership and investment for profit iii. Merchants obtain wealth rivaling governments

48. b. Joint-Stock Companies i. People pooled their wealth for a common investment ii. Many people invest little because one person was not willing to take the risk and lose a great deal of money c. Mercantilism i. Country’s power depended mainly on wealth 1. Through favorable balance of trade 2. Obtain as much gold and silver as possible ii. Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

50. The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution I. Scientific Revolution a. New way of looking at the world based on observation and questioning accepted beliefs b. Caused by mixing of cultures

51. II. Geocentrism vs. heliocentrism a. Nicolaus Copernicus i. Created heliocentric model of the universe in On the Resolutions of Heavenly Bodies b. Johannes Kepler i. Continues Copernicus’ research and discovers planets motion is governed by a law of motion

52. c. Galileo Galilei i. Objects fall at a standard speed ii.Used the newly created telescope to publish Starry Messenger 1. Told of a. Jupiter’s moons b. Moon craters iii. Church 1. Did not like scientific findings Subjected Galileo to the inquisition and he recanted

53. III. Scientific method a. Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas b. Process i. Name the problem or question ii. Form an educated guess (hypothesis) of the cause of the problem and make predictions based upon the hypothesis iii. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment or study (with proper controls) iv. Check and interpret your results v. Report your results to the scientific community

55. c. Newton 1. Certain all objects are effected by universal, natural laws i. Motion ii. Gravity 2. Every object attracts every other object

56. IV. Discovery a. William Harvey i. Circulation of Blood

57. b. Medicine i. Edward Jenner introducing a vaccine for smallpox in Early 1700’s

58. V. Hobbes a. Convinced by the horrors of the English Civil War comes up with a philosophy dealing with the state of nature b. Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection. c. Leviathan i. Best government has a strong executive

59. VI. Locke a. Two Treatises on Government— People are sovereign; consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.. b. All men are born equal with natural rights of life, liberty, and property 1. Used by Jefferson in America’s Declaration of Independence VII. Voltaire a. Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state

60. VIII. Montesquieu a. Believed the government should be divided into several different parts 1. Separation of Powers 2. On the Spirit of Laws i. Argued for checks and balances Where can you see this philosopher’s work in today’s society? Constitution of the US

61. IX. Rousseau a. Wrote The Social Contract 1. Government was a free agreement between peoples for a common good

62. XII. Impact a. Changed ideas of church and state b. Belief in progress i. Science was now seen as an avenue to improve life ii. Gives people the belief that human reason could solve socialproblems c. Secularism i. People question the church ii.Scientific discoveries conflicting with church doctrine d. Importance of the individual i. When people stopped looking to the church they turn inward ii. Encouraged to create their own barometer of right and wrong

63. e. Representative artists, philosophers, and writers i. Johann Sebastian Bach— Baroque Composer ii. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart— Classical Composer iii Eugène Delacroix—Romantic School Painte

64. ALL OF THIS LEAD TO REVOLUTIONS IN AMERICAFRANCE

65. French Revolution I. Feudalism a. People of France were divided into 3 Estates i. First 1. Clergy a. Owns 10% of land b. Provide education ii. Second 1. Rich Nobles 2. 2% of population own 20% of land 3. Paid almost no taxes

66. i. Third 1. 98% of the population 2. 3 groups a. Bourgeoisie i. Merchants ii. As rich as nobles iii. Feel they should have more a voice in politics iv. Believed enlightenment ideals v. Paid high taxes

67. b. Workers (servants) i. Low wages ii. Often went hungry c. Peasants i. 80% of population ii. ½ of income due to nobles in taxes iii. Want change

68. What were the 3 Estates? Who were members of each Estate? 1 st Estate 1 st Estate  Clergy 2 nd Estate 2 nd Estate  Nobles 3 rd Estate 3 rd Estate  Merchants and peasants

69. b. Reasons for Change i. Enlightenment 1. Equality, Liberty, Fraternity ii. Example of American Revolution

70. c. Estates General (May 1789) i. Each has one vote ii. Usually dominated by 1 st and 2 nd 1. Overrule the 3 rd a. Tired of this b. Want to create National Assembly

71. II. Storming of the Bastille (July 1789) a. Crowd attempts to get guns from Bastille in order to defend against foreign soldiers b. Lead to a rebellion throughout France c. October 1789 peasants storm Versailles and force the King and Queen out of power

72. III. Reform throughout France a. Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)

73. d. Radicalism i. Jacobins 1. Lead by Jean Paul Marat 2. Wanted to behead the enemies of France, domestic and foreign 3. Try and execute Louis XVI (Jan., 1793) a. Declare France a Republic ii. New leaders recruit an army of 800,000 by 1794

74. e. Reign of Terror i. Maximilien Robespierre (1793) 1. Wants a Republic of virtue 2. End all semblance of Monarchy ii. Creates Committee on Public Safety 1. Heads committee 2. Decides who should be enemies a. Begins beheading them b. Nearly 40,000 c. 85% Third Estate 3. Uses the position to dispatch political rivals 4. Arrested by National Convention (1794) a. Feared Robespierre i. Had him beheaded

75. IV. Results a. End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI b. Rise of Napoleon

76. Napoleon Bonaparte I. Napoleon a. Becomes a hero after defending the National Convention (1795) b. Coup d’Etat (1799) i. Napoleon has his troops march into the legislature and a vote is made to create a new executive ii. Group of 3 consuls, one of which is Napoleon iii. Napoleon seizes power from the other consuls and becomes emperor (1804)

77. c. Policies i. Set up taxes and a national bank ii. Decreased government corruption iii. Set up schools iv. Signed concordat with Pope Pius VII 1. Recognized the power of the church 2. Separated Church and State 3. Gained the support of the church v. Napoleonic Code

78. d. Foreign Affairs i. Americas ii. Napoleon, frustrated with Louisiana sold it to Jefferson (1803)

79. From whom did Napoleon sell the Louisiana territory? Thomas Jefferson (America) Thomas Jefferson (America)

80. iii. Attempt to Unify Europe 1. Controlled a. Austrian Netherlands b. Parts of Italy and Switzerland 2. Created the greatest empire since the Romans (1805)

81. 3. Wants to conquer Britain a. Britain had great navy i. Napoleon wants to defeat it b. Battle of Trafalgar ii. French lose big iii. British naval supremacy c. Napoleon couldn’t invade Britain

82. 4. Invasion of Russia (1812) a. Russians refuse to meet Napoleon in open battle b. Scorched Earth Policy i. Burn all crops/ livestock ii. Starve the enemy c. Napoleon takes Moscow, Sep. 1812 i. Waits for treaty ii. Doesn’t happen iii. Forced to retreat during winter

83. f. Fourth coalition i. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden ii. By April, 1814 Napoleon defeated, accepts terms 1. Banished to Elba iii. Napoleon fails to Unite all of Europe

85. Europe in 1812

86. The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

87. Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

88. Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

89. Key Principles Established at Vienna VBalance of Power VLegitimacy (Restore Monarchy) VCompensation VBalance of Power VLegitimacy (Restore Monarchy) VCompensation

90. The Germanic Confederation, 1815

91. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

94. Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

95. Sardinia-Piedmont: Cavour sides with France against Austria gains lands in N. Italy Italian unification: Long after the rest of Europe (aside from Germany)[“

96. Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, Cavour sides with Prussia Gains Venetia 1866 Austria looses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

97. Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

98. Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!

99. A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

100. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

102. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

104. Kaiser Wilhelm I

105. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik By any means necessary The “Iron Chancellor”

106. The German Confederation

107. [ Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

108. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

109. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] Leads directly to the unification of Germany Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] Leads directly to the unification of Germany

110. German Imperial Flag

111. Unified German Empire, 1871

112. Latin American Revolutions I. Haiti (Saint Domingue) a. French colony b. Slaves majority of population c. Revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture i. Ex-slave ii. Freed the slaves iii. Signed an agreement with French they didn’t honor 1. Imprisoned and died iv. Declared Haiti independent d. First black colony to gain independence

113. Mexico Haiti Columbia Venezuela Brazil

114. II. Society a. Viceroys/ colonial officers i. runs colony b. Mestizos i. European and Natives c. Creoles i. Locally born people with foreign ancestry

115. III. SOUTH American Revolution a. Simon Bolivar i. Brilliant Venezuelan General i. Declares Venezuelan independence (1811) b. Bolivar takes control of the armies i. Bolivar wins many battles ii. Wins independence from Spain

116. IV. Once upon a time in Mexico…. a. Miguel Hidalgo (priest) i. Calls for a revolution (1810) 1. Grito de Dolores ii. Defeated in Mexico City (1811) b. Jose Maria Morales i. Defeated in 1815 c. Independence i. Liberals take over politics in Spain ii. Creoles worried about their power side with revolutionaries iii. Independence declared 1821 iv. Central America breaks from Mexico 1823

117. V. Monroe Doctrine was issued by American President, James Monroe in 1823. A. Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. B. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

118. Artists and Painters of the 16-18 th Centuries  Johann Sebastian Bach— Composer  Johann Sebastian Bach— Composer  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart— Composer  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart— Composer  Eugène Delacroix—Painter  Eugène Delacroix—Painter  Voltaire—Philosopher  Voltaire—Philosopher  Miguel de Cervantes—Novelist  Miguel de Cervantes—Novelist

119. New forms of art and literature New forms of art and literature  Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).  Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits). New forms of literature evolved—the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote). New forms of literature evolved—the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).

120. Industrial Revolution I. England a. Birthplace of the industrial revolution i. Why? 1. Natural resources a. Water and coal fuel b. Iron ore c. Rivers d. Harbors 2. Economic strength a. Stability of banks leads to more people taking out loans to create machines 3. Political Stability

121. II. Agriculture a. Wealthy farmers bought smaller farms and created enclosures b. Jethro Tull creates the seed drill (1701) c. Crop Rotation 1. Planting different crops in succeeding seasons to maximize soil nutrients d. Improved breeding techniques

122. III. Inventions a. More efficient cotton spinner i. Cotton Gin 1. Eli Whitney 2. Increased demand for slaves b. Wealthy merchants bought large machines and housed them in factories

123. Bessemer Process: Making Steel

124. c. Steam engine (James Watt) i. Mining ii. Steamboat d. Improved roads

125. The flying shuttle Early locomotives

126. e. Railway i. Spring up in England ii. Stephenson creates the rocket engine to run between Liverpool and Manchester iii. Impact 1. Spur industrial growth 2. Cheap fast transportation 3. Creates jobs 4. Improved agriculture who could now get their products to markets in distant cities

127. Impact of Railroad on travel times

128. IV. Spread of Industrialization a. United States i. 1790 first factory in US ii. 1813, Lowell mechanizes every aspect of creating cloth b. 1820’s becomes bigger industry c. Employs women i. 12 hour days, 6 days a week

129. d. Doesn’t boom until after 1865 1. Reasons a. Natural resources b. Inventions i. Light bulb c. Railroads i. In order to create rails one needed a great deal of money d. People buy stock, create corporations i. Businesses owned in part by stock holders, who do not have a hand in day to day dealings of the company

130. VI. Results a. Inequality of industrialized vs. unindustrialized nations b. Creation of colonization for manipulation of resources i. Leads to Imperialism ii. Mainly by the West c. Society i. Improvements in wealth and health 1. Despite the inequalities urban workers faced ii. Emerging middle class iii. Increased pollution iv. Increased educational opportunities v. Increased political participation 1. Leads to social reform

131. VII. Social movements a. Laissez-fair economics i. Championed by Adam Smiths’ Wealth of Nations ii. Idea that government regulation of trade would hurt the economy iii. An economy will prosper if allowed free trade

132. What does Laissez Fair mean? Hands off Hands off

133. b. Capitalism i. Economic system where money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit

134. c. Socialism i. Believed it was governments jobs to help improve people’s lives e. Utopia i. Cooperative living place where one could build the perfect society

135. f. Marxism i. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (1849) 1. Friedrich Engels 2. Means of production are controlled by the people 3. Gov. should actively plan the economy and not leave it to free market ii. Wealthy control the means of production and the poor need to revolt and establish control iii. This perfect socialism he called Communism

137. VIII. Unionization a. Speak for the workers of a particular trade through collective bargaining b. If organizations don’t agree workers can strike i. Until 1875 outlawed in England ii. America Unions join to ultimately form organizations like the AFL c. Grievances i. Workers angery over poor working conditions, long hours, bad pay, and child labor

138. IX. The impact the Industrial Revolution had on the lives of women, children, and the family: A. Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system B. Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages C. Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high D. Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers E. Women argue for suffrage

139. Life During the Industrial Revolution

140. Child “hurriers”

148. Worker Housing

150. The Age of Imperialism I. Imperialism a. Economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world. II. In Africa a. Congo i. Belgium b. Motives i. Industrialization caused need for more resources ii. Racism 1. Industrialized vs. Unindustrialized nations iii. Social Darwinism

151. c. Factors leading to Imperialism i. Weapons ii. Steam engine allowed for easy travel to conquered lands iii. Quinine 1. Negates malaria iv. Africa fractured 1. Many tribes and cultures d. Colony- Direct control over a country e. Protectorate- Military control over a country by protecting it f. Sphere of Influence- Economic control over a country

152. II. Egypt a Isma’il i. Supported building the Suez Canal 1. Egyptian labor and French money 2. Competed in 1869 3. 1882 British controlled by occupying Egypt c. Allows British much quicker access to lands in Asia and Africa

154. In 1882 who controlled the Suez Canal? British British

155. III. India a. East India Company dominates India i. Had its own military lead by British Elite 1. Staffed by sepoys (Indian soldiers) b. Considered by British the most valuable colony i. Rich in resources ii. Large population market c. Controlled Indian economy through economic policy (sphere of influence) i. Couldn’t compete for goods ii. Had to supply raw materials iii. Had to purchase finished goods

156. How did Britain Control India? Through its economy Through its economy

158. d. Goods i. Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton and opium 1. Opium trade with China e. Impact of colonialism i. Positives: British Build 1. Railroads 2. Irrigation 3. Communication 4. Dams 5. Bridges 6. Protection by British troops ii. Negatives 1. Little political and economic power 2. Increased production of cash crops in favor of textiles a. Caused famine

159. f. Sepoy rebellion (1857) i. Sepoys find that cartridges of their rifles sealed with beef and pork fat and refuse to fight ii. Sepoys jailed 1. Next day rebel and take Delhi 2. Move onto central India iii. Rebellion doesn’t last due to internal fracturing iv. Rebellion marks the beginning of official British rule over India 1. Portion Britain ruled was known as the Raj g. Indian Nationalism i. Fueled by British rule ii. Indians felt it was not fair to be second class citizens in their own country

160. IV. Southeast Asia a. Dutch East India Company i. Set up rigid social structure with Dutch on top b. British establish a port at Singapore i. To compete with Dutch trade with China c. French Indochina i. French merchants use missionary killing as spark 1. Napoleon III orders the invasion and Vietnam becomes a French colony, along with a. Laos b. Cambodia ii. French set up a social structure where they are at the head 1. Hold all political positions

161. What country comes to control Vietnam? France France

162. d. Impact on indigenous peoples i. Growing economy ii. Increased transportation due to roads and rails iii. Education, health and sanitation improve iv. Large migration of peoples into the area to work 1. Cultures blend a. Hindus, Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists b. Leads to clashes in the region

163. V. Pacific Islands a. U.S. acquire Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines as a result of the Spanish American War (1898) b. Philippines i. Emilio Aguinaldo gains independence for Philippines 1. U.S. defeats Aguinaldo and prepares Philippines for self rule ii. United States assists Aguinaldo’s defense against nationalist and gains a sphere of influence

164. VI. China a. Economy allows China to be self-sufficient i. By the 1700’s has a booming agricultural economy 1. Based greatly on rice 2. Other crops allow China to feed its vast population ii. Mines 1. Salt, tin, iron and silver

165. What country annexed Hawaii in 1898? United States United States

167. e. Nationalism i. The Boxer Rebellion 1. Frustrated with their loss of power the Chinese people rebel 2. Poor resent privileges given to foreigners and Christians in particular 3. 1900 surround the European section of Beijing and keep it under siege for several months a. Defeated quickly by a multinational force 4. Forces the government to become more attentive to the people’s needs

168. VII. Japan a. Ends isolationism (1853) i. Commodore Matthew Perry and “suggests” Japan open their ports b. Japanese people fear losing their country to foreigners i. Force the Tokugawa to step down ending the military dictatorship crated in the 12 th century ii. Meji Era Begins (1867)

169. Why did Japan end isolationism? Fear of war with the United States Fear of war with the United States

170. VIII. U.S. Imperialism in Latin America a. Weak government i. Ruled mostly by military dictators b. Latin America unindustrialized c. Economic Imperialism i. Uneven trade balance 1. Trade raw goods and buy finished goods ii. Receive loans for facilities for industry 1. High interest rate 2. Can’t pay it back a. Foreigners gain control

171. d. Monroe Doctrine i. James Monroe says stay out of the Americas e. Cuba declares independence i. 1895, Jose’ Marti fights for independence ii. 1898 Spanish-American War iii. America concerned with holdings in Cuba, gets involved

172. f. Panama Canal i. Began by the French, became too costly ii. Americas wish to build the Canal 1. Panama overcharges iii. Theodore Roosevelt 1. Supports a revolution in Panama against Columbia 2. Win and give US rights to the Canal iv. Opened 1914

173. World War I I. Causes a. Nationalism i. Deep devotion to one’s nation ii. Caused intense competitions between nations as a result of iii. Territorial disputes 1. France- Alsace- Lorraine 2. Austria Hungary/ Russia a. Balkans 3. Different ethnicities a. Serbian b. Bulgarian c. Romanian d. Each wanted independence

174. b. Imperialism i. Countries competing for resources (colonies) in Africa and Asia c. Militarism i. Nationalism leads to an arms race ii. Great powers begin creating armies that could be quickly mobilized iii.Also created strategic plans for mobilization iv. Kaiser Wilhelm II creates large navy to compete with England

175. d. Alliance system i. Bismarck united united Germany by 1871 1. Saw France as a threat a. Created the Triple Alliance i. Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary ii. Each would come to the aid of the other during an altercation

176. What were the 4 main causes of WWI? Militarism Militarism Alliance System Alliance System Imperialism Imperialism Nationalism Nationalism

177. 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II comes to power a. Militaristic b. Lets alliance with Russia lapse i. Russia responds by creating another alliance ii. Triple Entente 1. Russia, France, and Great Britain 2 Created in response to Germanys alliance system

178. Who’s To Blame?

179. i. Western Front Trench Warfare 1. Living in dug trenches for long periods of time 2. Stalemate 3. Short geographical gains with great personnel loss 4. No Mans Land a. Space between the trenches b. Many die 5. Germans battle of Verdun a. Each side loses 300,000 6. Battle of the Somme River a. Each side loses over 1 million

180. Trench Warfare

181. e. Eastern Front i. More mobile then the West ii. Russia 1. Can’t receive supplies (Germany controls the Baltic) 2. Not industrialized 3. Receive massive casualties 4. Will lead to? a. Due to civil unrest a revolution breaks out i. Vladimir Lennon signed treaty in 1918 with Germany a. Harsh on Russia b. Lost lands in Eastern Europe

182. The Russian Revolution

183. Nicholas II Became Czar in 1894 Became Czar in 1894 Econ. growth Econ. growth “Bloody Sunday” “Bloody Sunday”

184. Russia in WWI 1915 - hard times! 1915 - hard times! Czar Nicholas II to the front…mistake! Czar Nicholas II to the front…mistake! 1. Causes of Russian Revolution

185. The March Revolution March 1917 riots March 1917 riots Nicholas abdicates Nicholas abdicates Set up a provisional gov’t Set up a provisional gov’t Revolutionary socialists (Soviets & Bolsheviks) Revolutionary socialists (Soviets & Bolsheviks)

186. V.I. Lenin Exiled to Siberia (1895) Exiled to Siberia (1895) Returned in April 16, 1917 Returned in April 16, 1917 “Peace, Land, and Bread” “Peace, Land, and Bread”

187. The Bolshevik Revolution Red Guards attack the provisional government Red Guards attack the provisional government End private ownership End private ownership New red flag…hammer and sickle New red flag…hammer and sickle

188. Russian Revolution Czar Abdicates, Romanov family killed Failure of Provisional Government Bolsheviks takeover under Lenin

189. Russia Under Lenin Distribute farmland Distribute farmland Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Reds vs. Whites Reds vs. Whites Reign of Terror Romanov family shot Reign of Terror Romanov family shot

190. Russia Under Lenin New Economic Policy (NEP) New Economic Policy (NEP) USSR (1922) USSR (1922) Bolsheviks to Communists Bolsheviks to Communists

191. I.Joseph Stalin  Entrenchment of communism ii. Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police) Great Purge

192. Effects of Russian Revolution Civil War between Reds and Whites, April 1918 Russia makes peace with Germany, March, 1918 Communist government under Lenin’s New Economic Policy 1921 Russia renamed USSR 1922

193. c. United States gets drawn into war i. Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare 1. Sink Lusitania a. Passenger ship carrying Americans ii. Zimmerman Telegram 1. Telegram from Germany to Mexico urging them to attack the U.S.

194. The Zimmerman Telegram

195. d. Birth of the Total War economic policy i. Countries fully mobilized towards war 1. Governments a. Suppressed anti-war activity b. Created propaganda i. To win public support ii. Not entirely accurate c. Told companines i. What to produce ii. How much to produce iii. How much to preserve (rationing) 2. Unemployment nearly disappears a. Women get an opportunity to work

196. V. Allies Win a. Due to American reinforcements Germany loses i. Leads to collapse of central powers 1. Austria-Hungary collapses 2. Germans turn on Kaiser a. He steps down b. Germany signs an armistice

197. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

199. Players TREATY OF VERSAILLES George Clemenceau (France ) Woodrow Wilson (United States) David Lloyd George (Great Britain) Provisions League of Nations: Peace organization US didn’t join Territorial Losses: Germany loses Alsace-Lorraine to France and all oversees colonies Military Provisions: Germany may not: Create Army Create Navy Have weapons War Guilt: Germany responsible for WWI and forced to pay allies $33 billion in reparations ResultsGermany angry over war guilt Mandated territories angry they did not instantly gain independence Eventually tensions and the lack of power in the League of Nations will lead to WW II

200. VI. The end of Empires The following empires were destroyed by WW I The following empires were destroyed by WW I  Russian  Ottoman  Austro-Hungarian  German

201. During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control). The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

202. VII. Global Depression 1. Economy a. Germans print money to pay reparations i. Causes massive inflation ii. Bread costs 200 marks

203. ii. United States 1. Stock Market crashes, 1929 a. Banks fail b. Collapse of prices in world trade i. Global trading comes to a stand still

204. VIII. Rise of Fascism i. the Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany. i. Emphasized loyalty to the State and obedience to its leader ii. Dictatorial iii. Benito Mussolini (Italy) 1. Rose to power due to the anger the people felt over depression 2. Controlling leader a. Secret police

205. i. Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party 1. Tried a march on Munich, failed and was imprisoned a. Wrote Mien Kompf i. German Aryan race superior ii. Gypsies, Jews, and Slavs were inferior iii. Treaty of Versailles is an outrage iv. Will bring Germany to glory

206.  Nazi Rise to Power a. Inflation and depression b. Democratic government weakened c  Anti-Semitism d. Extreme nationalism e. National Socialism (Nazism) f. German occupation of nearby countries

207. 3. Defies Versailles Treaty a. Germany begins rebuilding its armed forces, 1935 i. League of Nations does nothing b. Germany takes the Rhineland, 1935 i. Buffer with France c. Britain suggests appeasement

208. ii. Mussolini, Italy takes Ethiopia (1935) 1. League of Nations does not take action iii. 1936 Germany united with Italy and Japan to form the Axis

209. Who were the members of the Axis? Germany Germany Italy Italy Japan Japan

210. v. Western policy of isolation and appeasement 1. United States remains isolationist a. Did not want to get dragged into another war 2. Germany expands into Czechoslovakia and Austria into the Third Riech (1938) 3. Munich Conference a. Britain and France choose to appease Hitler and give him the Sudetenland i. Hitler then takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and Mussolini takes Albania ii. Hitler sets his sites on Poland a. Believes Britain and France won’t risk war

211. vi. Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1. The democracies of the west did not trust soviet communism and negotiations to have them enter the conflict to stop Germany’s aggression were slow 2. 1939 Stalin signed a pact with Hitler to not wage war on eachother 3. Hitler’s expansion and the Soviet Union’s non aggression set the stage for war

212. World War II I. Germany’s Blitzkrieg, or lightning war a. Poland i. Due to the non aggression pact it fell quickly due to the blitzkrieg 1. Fast attacks by quick plains and tanks, followed by troops ii. Soviets quickly occupy their portion of Poland iii. Triggers World War 1. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany September 3, 1939 iv. Germany quickly takes France

213. b. The Battle of Britain i. “We shall fight on the beaches, we hall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets…we shall never surrender.” –Winston Churchill ii. Germany’s Operation Sea Lion was designed to: 1. Knock out the Royal Air Force (RAF) 2. Land troops on British Shores

214. b. Soviet Union (Hitler’s greatest blunder) i. Operation Barbarossa ii. Hitler drives deep into the Soviet Union 1. Soviets unprepared and untrained 2. Soviets employ scorched earth strategy iii. Hitler halted at Leningrad turns to Moscow 1. Gets stuck in the soviet winter a. Troops wearing summer uniforms b. Lack of supplies from Europe c. Forced to turn back

216. Why was invading the Soviet Union Hitler’s greatest blunder? Forced him to fight a two front war Forced him to fight a two front war Ignored the past and Napoleon’s failure Ignored the past and Napoleon’s failure Allowed for American assistance to be realized during the war Allowed for American assistance to be realized during the war Lost him many soldiers and supplies Lost him many soldiers and supplies

217. d. United States’ assistance i. Slow to enter war 1. Isolationist ii. Lend-Lease Act 1.Loaning Europe weapons 2. Protecting ships carrying those weapons iii. Roosevelt met Churchill to create the Atlantic Charter 1. Serve as the allies peace plan for after WW II 2. Supported a. Free trade and right of a nation to choose its own government

218. What leaders were known as the “Big Three?” Franklin Roosevelt Franklin Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill Winston Churchill

219. III. War in the far East a. Japan (Emperor Hirohito) b. Military lead by General Hideki Tojo i. Attacks Pearl Harbor/ “A date that will live in infamy” 1. Located in Hawaii 2. December 7, 1941 3. Motivates America to mobilize c. Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials d. Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

220. c. Allies Strike Back (Lead by General Douglas Macarthur)

221. Who was the leader of the Allied forces in the Pacific? General Douglas Macarthur General Douglas Macarthur

222. iii. Allied offensive 1. Douglas Macarthur’s strategy of island hopping a. Hop from weak Japanese islands closer to Japan b. Cut supply lines from Japan to its stronger islands and let them starve c. Began with the Battle of Guadalcanal i. Proved the Japanese perseverance in battle ii. Eventually taken by the Allies in February, 1943 after six months

223. What was island hopping? Hop from weak Japanese islands closer to Japan Hop from weak Japanese islands closer to Japan Cut supply lines from Japan to its stronger islands and let them starve Cut supply lines from Japan to its stronger islands and let them starve

224. II. Soviet Union a. Soviets hold at Stalingrad i. Germans lose 1 million men to winter, starvation, illness, and fighting ii. Stalingrad held despite being bombed to the ground iii. Germans eventually surrender in February 1943 III. Italy a. Majority of Italy taken in 1943 by Allied forces b. Rome taken by 1944 c. April, 1945 Italy completely liberated d. Mussolini captured, shot and hanged in Milan

225. Where did the Soviets stop Hitler? Stalingrad Stalingrad

226. IV. Europe (Lead by Dwight Eisenhower) a. D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord) i. British, French, Canadian and British troops attack Normandy, France ii. Successful and by September Allies had liberated France and several other Western European nations iii. Lead by General Eisenhower

227. c. Germany surrenders i. Hitler commits suicide ii. Germany surrenders May 7, 1945 1. V-E Day

228. What is May 7, 1945 referred to as? Victory in Europe day Victory in Europe day

229. c. The Atomic Bomb i. America fearing great casualties with taking Japan decided to use the atomic bomb to end the war quickly 1. Truman warns Japanese that if they do not surrender their will be rain of ruin from the air 2. August 6, 1945 bomb dropped on Hiroshima killing 73,000 people a. Three Days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki ii. Japan surrender on September 2, 1945 1. V-J Day

231. VI. Europe and Japan After the War a. European powers’ loss of empires b. Establishment of two major powers in the world: The United States and the U.S.S.R. c. War crimes trials d. Division of Europe—Iron Curtain e Establishment of the United Nations i. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1. Established and adopted by members of the United Nations 2. Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government f. Marshall Plan- Monies from US to Europe to rebuild g. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact

232. What was the American plan to rebuild Europe called? The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan

233. During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control). After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control). The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East. The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

234. b. Nuremberg Trials i. 22 Nazis accused with crimes against humanity 1. 12 sentenced to death c. Japan i. U.S. occupation 1. Demilitarization 2. Democratization ii. Create a constitution (Strongly influenced by US) 1. Devine right of emperor ended 2. Women could vote 3. Diet created a. Parliamentary democracy

236. THE MANDATE SYSTEM A. the mandate system established after World War I was phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.

237. B. Mandates in the Middle East i. Established by the League of Nations ii. Granted independence after World War II iii. Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences C. French Mandates in the Middle East i. Syria ii. Lebanon D. British Mandates in the Middle East i. Jordan ii. Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel)

238. The Holocaust Genocide: The systematic killing of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group of people. Also known as ethnic cleansing. The Holocaust: Hitler killing the Jews for more “living space” to make room for the Aryan (white) race. Concentration camps for Jews were throughout Germany, Austria, Poland, Russia, Italy, etc.

239. I. Policy of Anti-Semitism began in early 1930’s a. Blamed Jews for their failure in WW I and hard times afterward b. Hitler used them as a scapegoat c. 1933- Jews may not hold public office d. Nuremburg laws i. Jews may not 1. Be citizens 2. Hold certain jobs 3. Own property e. Jews had to wear a yellow star on their sleeve to identify them

240. II. Kristallnacht “night of broken glass” a. 1938- Nazis launch violent attacks on the jewish community destroying i. Businesses ii. Homes iii. Synagogues b. Killed at least 100 jews III. Jews flee the country in search of safety a. Many to England and France b. Most to America c. Including Albert Einstein

241. IV. Jewish Ghettos a. Hitler herded Jews into sections of Poland and sealed them off with walls and barbed wire i. Attempt at starving them and killing them through disease 1. Jews still hung on a. Some entered a resistance smuggling food and other supplies b. Continued their traditions

242. V. The Final Solution a. Genocide of the Jews in Europe to purify the populous and pave the way for the Aryan race b. Hitler had his SS round up men, women and children line them up and shoot them i. Buried in mass graves c. Those the SS did not reach were placed in concentration camps i. Slave camps where they would work 12 hours for 7 days a week 1. Poorly fed 2. Often beaten and killed d. 1941-42 Final extermination i. Germany builds camps with gas chambers designed to exterminate the Jews

246. The Cold War I. A Bi-Polar global system is created a. Two superpowers b. Yalta Conference (1945) i. Britain, United States and Russia meet ii. Germany divided into occupation zones created by the Allies iii. East European countries would have free elections

248. What was decided at the Yalta conference? Germany divided into occupation zones created by the Allies Germany divided into occupation zones created by the Allies East European countries would have free elections East European countries would have free elections

249. a. Differing goals after WW II i. Soviets 1. Encourage Communism in other countries 2. Rebuild economy and industry 3. Control Eastern Europe 4. Keep Germany divided ii. United States 1. Encourage democracy 2. Gain access to raw materials and markets promote capitalism 3. Rebuild European governments to promote stability and new markets 4. Reunite Germany iii. Causes great friction

250. II. United Nations Created a. Replaced League of Nations in 1945 b. Created to save members from future wars c. 11 member security council has the real power i. 5 permanent members 1. USSR 2. USA 3. China 4. Britain 5. France

251. III. Soviets control Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain) a. Russia secures countries in East Europe as communist “buffer” for protection

252. Margaret Thatcher British Prime Minister Opposed Soviet communism – “Iron Lady” Free trade and less government regulation of business Close relationship with United States and U.S. foreign policy Asserted United Kingdom’s military power

253. b. Potsdam conference i. Truman (America), Churchill (Britain), and Stalin (USSR) meet to discuss Stalin’s violation of the Yalta agreement ii. Truman demanded Stalin to allow free elections in Eastern Europe and the Soviet refused 1. Created the “iron curtain” between the democratic Western Europe and the Communist Eastern Europe iii. Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot exist in the same world

254. What is the figurative name for the separation between communist Eastern Europe and Democratized Western Europe? The Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain

255. c. Germany i. Remains split East communist and West democratic ii. Berlin Wall built

256. IV. Policy of Containment a. After the war both the USSR and US attempted to expand their political philosophies around the globe b. President Truman stated that Communism needed to be contained to its current borders i. Create democratic alliances ii. Help weak nations resist Soviet Influence c. Truman Doctrine i. Support of countries rejecting communism 1. Including dictators and warlords d. Marshall Plan i. 12.5 billion to rebuild Western Europe ii. Do not allow them to fall to communist influence

257. What was containment? Truman’s belief that communism needed to be contained to prevent a domino effect in the world. Truman’s belief that communism needed to be contained to prevent a domino effect in the world.

258. V. Berlin Airlift a. 1948- Britain, US, and France leave West Germany and allow their zones to unite i. Irritates Soviets and they cut off Berlin’s Western zones 1. Threatens to starve the city b. British and Americans airlift supplies into the city for 11 months until the USSR caved Statistics Cargo (short tons) FlightsTotalFoodCoalOther USA189,9631,783,573296,3191,421,11966,135 UK87,841541,937240,386164,911136,640 France424896unk Total278,2282,326,406

259. VI. Divided world a. Formation of NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization i. Formed in response to the Berlin airlift b. Soviets respond with the Warsaw Pact i. Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czech., Hungary, Romania, Albania, and Bulgaria c. Nuclear deterrence i. The peacemaker 1. Nuclear weapons ii. Arms race 1. Trying to create a more devastating weapons than your opponent

260. What was the “arms race?” Attempt by the US and USSR to create every increasingly destructive weapons as a means of intimidating one another and securing their way of life. Attempt by the US and USSR to create every increasingly destructive weapons as a means of intimidating one another and securing their way of life.

261. VII. Increase in science and technology a. ICBM b. Space Race i. Sputnik I soviet satellite c. “open skies” proposed by Eisenhower, rejected by the Soviet Union i. Proposed that each country be able to fly over eachothers guard against surprise nuclear attack ii. Eisenhower authorizes CIA to do high altitude flyovers 1. U-2 plane crashed in Soviet Union a. Increased tensions

262. What country had the first satellite in space? What was it called? USSR USSR Sputnik Sputnik

263. VIII. Battle for territory around the globe a. China i. Mao Zedong and the communists win peasant support due to improved food production 1. Dominated Northeast ii. Chaing Kai-Shek and the nationalists dominate the Southwest

264. Who was the leader of communist forces in China? Mao Zedong Mao Zedong

265. iii. After WW II was over the two resumed their civil war (1946-1949) 1. Although nationalists had a larger troop base and American support they lost a. Did not win popular support of the people b. Deserters join the Communist party c. 1949 Chiang and nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan 2. Mao proclaimed the new nation the Peoples Republic of China

267. iv. The aftermath 1. United States supports Taiwan 2. Soviet Union supports China a. Soviet/ China split 1959 i. Chinese do not want to follow USSR’s lead in foreign policy ii. Soviets refuse to share Nuclear secrets 3. North Korea and South Korea split along the 38 th parallel 4. China expands into Manchuria and Tibet

268. Taiwan and South Korea followed what kind of government? Democracy Democracy

269. v. China under Mao Zedong 1. Becomes dictatorial 2. Seized landholdings and divided them among the peasants a. Then they join collective farms b. Was not successful 3. Companies come under government ownership a. Also unsuccessful

270. 4. Cultural Revolution (1966) a. Those who supported Mao’s new revolution were The Red Guard b. Championed those who worked with their hands/ peasants and rejected art and intellectual pursuits c. Lashed out at the intellectual and socially advantaged i. Thousands imprisoned or killed d. By 1976 on the brink of civil war i. Mao had Red Guard disbanded

271. Deng Xiaoping Reformed communist economy to market economy leading to rapid economic growth Communist control of government continued

272. b. Korean Conflict i. 1950, North Korea launched a surprise attack on South Korea supported by China ii. South Korea turns to UN 1. USSR absent from the security council, boycotting recognition of Taiwan 2. UN responds under the leadership of Douglas Macarthur a. Fired by Truman for suggesting nuclear strike iii. Eventually N. Korea driven back to the 38 th parallel by 1952 iv. Aftermath 1. N. Korea a. Communist dictatorship i. Lead Kim Il Sung then Kim Jung Il b. Created Nuclear weapons but has serious economic problems 2. S. Korea a. Supported by US b. Eventually becomes democratic in 1987 Very economically successful

273. North Korea had what political system? Communist Communist

274. IX. War in Vietnam a. Young Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh turned to the communists to drive the French from Indochina i. French sentence Ho to death and he flees b. Ho return in 1941 after Japan takes French Indochina i. Ho’s forces faught with the French until 1954 when they had a critical victory at Diem Bien Phu i. Had widespread support in the rural areas d. Frances loss to the Vietnamese scares America who fear that after one nation fell in Southeast Asia others would follow i. This became known as the domino theory

275. Who was the communist leader of the North Vietnamese forces? Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh

277. e. Geneva conference i. Decided Vietnam would be divided at 17 th parallel 1. North ruled by communist 2. South anti communist a. Resistance of Vietcong began f. Communists taking control of S. Vietnam i. United States involvement 1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution a. President Lyndon Johnson (US) declared that Vietnamese boats had attacked American destroyers i. Sends American troops to Vietnam

278. 1. Had the best equipped army but had two shortcomings a. Fighting guerilla war in unfamiliar terrain b. Did not have popular support of the people 2. Withdrawal a. Vietnamization i. After years of unsuccessful attempts at waging war and protests at home President Nixon decided in 1969 for a phased withdrawal

279. What was vietnamization? President Nixon’s decision in 1969 for a phased withdrawal from vietnam President Nixon’s decision in 1969 for a phased withdrawal from vietnam

280. ii. Ho Chi Minh aided the Vietcong with troops and munitions 1. In 1971 North Vietnam took control of the South iii. Postwar Vietnam 1. Harsh restriction on south a. Many flee 2. Vietnam United as a Communist Country

281. Who was victorious during the Vietnam War? The communist North Vietnamese The communist North Vietnamese

282. X. Cuba a. Revolution i. 1950’s- US support for Batista led to a revolution 1. Headed by Fidel Castro a. Creates a communist Cuba i. United States initiates a trade embargo ii. Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) 1. US to support a local uprising in Cuba a. Went very poorly

283. b. Cuban Missile Crisis i. Due to the Bay of pigs the new leader of the USSR, Nikita Khruschev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba ii. Discovered by US and declared unacceptable 1. President Kennedy blockaded Cuba a. US prepared to invade Cuba iii. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if America decided not to invade Cuba iv. Aftermath 1. Cuba reliant on USSR 2. Support their revolutions in Central/ South America and Africa

285. The United States was worried about what in Cuba? Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons

286. XI. Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe a. Czechoslovakia i. Leonid Brezhnev new Soviet Leaders(1964) 1. Adopted repressive policies ii.Attempted to adopt policies to reduce censorship and promote socialism 1. 1968 2. Brezhnev ordered Warsaw pact countries to invade Czech. To prevent the satellite from rejecting communism

287. XII. Stabilization a. United States policy of Détente (easing tensions) i. Richard Nixon 1. 1 st to visit communist China and Soviet Union 2. In Soviet Union had the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and signed the Salt I treaty, 1972 a. Limited number of missiles each country could have ii. Backed away from direct confrontation with USSR iii. Reduced tension between the two countries

288. What was the U.S. policy of détente’ and under whom was it implemented? Easing of tensions with Soviet Union Easing of tensions with Soviet Union Richard Nixon Richard Nixon

289. b. Ronald Reagan abandons Détente i. Due to increased altercations in Central America and the Middle East Reagan began backing away from Détente 1. Announces SDI- Strategic Defense Initiative a. Star Wars i. Protect America from enemy missiles

290. What was Star Wars-SDI? A defense initiative to protect the United States from Soviet Attack. A defense initiative to protect the United States from Soviet Attack.

291. XIII. End of the Cold War Satellite Nations become nationalistic and oppose the Soviet Union a. Reforms in Poland 1. People protest in 1988 i. Gain first free election in 1989 b. Spurns Hungary to attempt economic reform 1. 1989 depose the Communist rulers 2. By 1994 the socialist party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament

292. c. Fall of the Berlin Wall i. People demand freedom and the right to travel outside of East Berlin after border closed in 1989 1. Wall falls October 18 when German leader allowed people to travel freely in an attempt to save Communism in East Berlin 2. Germany reunified in 1990 d. Czechoslovakia i. Inspired by Berlin as many as 550,000 protesters unite in Prague ii. Politburo resigns iii. Romania followed suit

293. In what country is Berlin located? Germany Germany

294. e. Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet Union (1982) i. Announces a policy of glasnost (openness of ideas) 1. Allows people rights to free speech not previously allowed ii. Announces perestroika (1985) 1. Economic restructuring 2. United States had spent the Soviets out of competition and their was much poverty among the population 3. Private ownership of some businesses allowed a. Allows for Europe and America to be more actively involved in trade

295. What does Glasnost and Perestroika mean? Who came up with these reforms? Glasnost- openness Glasnost- openness Perestroika- economic restructuring Perestroika- economic restructuring Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev

296. iii. Defied by Luthuania in 1990 1. Gorbachev sends in troops to quell the uprising 2. People want independence iv. Boris Yeltsin defies Gorbachev and calls for peace more quickly 1. Becomes Russia's first democratically elected President in 1991

297. Independence Movements I. The United Nations Charter a. Guaranteed colonial populations the right to self- determination II. India and Pakistan a. British massacre at Amristar (1919) i. Causes a massive increase in nationalism in India b. Gandhi begins nonviolent protests in 1920 c. Congress of India i. National political party in India ii. Made up of Muslims and Hindus d. Muslim League i. Preached a separation from the Congress and Hindus

299. e. After WW II (1946) i. British ready to transfer power 1. Self determination ii. Muslims and Hindus riot against each other in Calcutta 1. 5,000 die in 4 days with 15,000 injured iii. Partition concept adopted 1. Separates the area into a Hindu and Muslim area

300. iv. 1947 a bill passes allowing for freedom of the Indian sub-continent 1. Areas have to decide whether they will be Hindu or Muslim 2. Division of area into India and Pakistan a. Caused general unrest between Muslims and Hindus v. Muslims kill Sikhs and Hindus and visa versa vi. Pakistan and India fight over Kasmir 1. Resolved by a UN cease fire in 1949 f. Civil War in Pakistan i. East Pakistan separates from West and creates new nation of Bangladesh

301. g. Indian Democracy i. Jawaharlal Nehru - a close associate of Gandhi, supported western style industrialization ii. 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination iii. Ethnic and religious difference caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation iv. New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation f. Indira Gandhi i. Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War ii. Developed nuclear program

302. III. Africa a. Nationalism increased as the education and middle class rose angry about economic exploitation b. Reasons for desire of independence i. Nationalism ii. Resent imperial rule and economic exploitation c. Kenya i. British controlled good farmland ii. British forced to accept black self- strong leadership of Jomo Kenyatta iii. Violent struggle left 10,000 black and 100 white Kenyans dead iv. Kenyatta named president when Kenya becomes independent in 1963

303. d. Congo i. Belgium grants independence in 1960 1. Leads to civil war and internal turmoil ending with the reign of Mobutu Sese Seko a. Changes the name to Zaire b. Dictatorial ii. Becomes democratic after Mobutu overthrown in 1997 2. Name changes back to Congo

304. e. Algeria i. 1945 altercation between Algerian nationalists and French troops left thousands of Muslims and hundreds of French dead ii. 1954 the National Liberation Front (NLF) announces intents of fighting for independence through guerrilla warfare 1. French send troops and war ensues iii. France agrees to allow for transition to Algerian independence 1. July, 1962 independence granted iv. Resulted in turmoil among Islamists and democratic government v. Civil war breaks out and continues to this day

305. f. West Africa i. Peaceful Transition 1. Angola a. Portugal b. Last to give up colonies, 1975 2. Nigeria

307. g. South Africa i. Apartheid 1. 1948 result of Dutch South African nationalism 2. Complete separation of the races 3. Blacks make up 75% of population and given 13% of land 4. Policy forced them to become international lepers

308. i. Black protest 1. African National Congress a. Organized boycotts and protests b. Lead by Nelson Mandela 2. Police subdue protests brutally ii. Steps toward democracy 1. 1989 F.W. De Klerk elected president a. 1990 legalized ANC and released Nelson Mandela from Prison b. 1991 repeal apartheid 2. Democratic elections held a. Mandela elected

309. Modern Middle East I. UN Mandates A. French Mandates in the Middle East i. Syria ii. Lebanon B. British Mandates in the Middle East i. Jordan ii. Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel)

310. II. Palestine and Israel a. Both Palestinians and Jews lay claim to the holy land b. In early 20 th century Jews begin to move in great numbers to Palestine i. Fearing persecution they requested a separate nation be carved out of the holy land c. After WW II the U N partitioned Palestine giving a great deal of its territory to the Jews i. They create Israel iii. Golda Meir-Prime Minister seeks US aid ii. Arabs and Palestinians outraged 1. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria invade days after Israel declared a sovereign nation 2. Israel wins war

311. II. Palestine and Israel a. Both Palestinians and Jews lay claim to the holy land b. In early 20 th century Jews begin to move in great numbers to Palestine i. Fearing persecution they requested a separate nation be carved out of the holy land c. After WW II the U N partitioned Palestine giving a great deal of its territory to the Jews i. They create Israel ii. Arabs and Palestinians outraged 1. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria invade days after Israel declared a sovereign nation 2. Israel wins war

313. d. Conflicts i. Egypt seized the Suez Canal (1956) 1. Israel assisted by Europe took back the canal quickly ii. Six Day war (1967) 1. Egypt again seeks to attack Israel with Soviet weapons and other Arab nations 2. Israel launched a pre-emptive strike defeating the Arab countries in six days a. Lost 800 and killed 15,000 3. Results a. Israel claims 1. Jerusalem 2. Sinai Peninsula 3. Golan Heights 4. West Bank

315. iii. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat planned an attack on the holiest of Jewish days Yom Kippur (1973) a. Successful b. Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir a counter attack and regained the lost territory e. Attempts at Peace i. President Sadat proposes peace in 1977 a. Says Israel must return land taken during the six-day war ii. President Jimmy Carter negotiates the Camp David Accords a. Egypt would recognize Israel b. Israel gave up the Sinai Peninsula

316. f. Palestinians living in Israel demand independence i. Call on the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) for assistance 1. Lead by Yasir Arafat 2. Launch attacks on Israel throughout the 1970’s and 80’s ii. Israel retaliates and attacks PLO bases in Lebanon iii. 1987 PLO begins intifida 1. Uprising g. 1993 Oslo Accords i. Israel’s Yitzhak Rabin agrees to give Palestine’s Arafat control of the Gaza Strip and West Bank 1. Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremists

317. III. Iran a. Wealth from Oil and traditional values clash b. Shah Pahlavi supports Westernization i. Iranian nationalists unite und Prime Minister Mossaddeq and force the Shah to flee ii. US fears the country will fall to the Soviet Union and restores the Shah to power c. With US support Shah Pahlavi Westernises i. Still great fiscal disparity ii. Brutality by Shah’s police iii. Angers the religious leaders or Ayatollahs 1. One in particular lead the resistance Ayatollah Khomeini 2. Spurred the Iranian workers to strike

319. d. 1979 Khomeini forces the Shah to flee and establishes a Muslim state i. Reinstated Islamic values e. Khomeini’s policies i. Anti-US ii. Has Islamic revolutionaries seize the US embassy in Tehran 1. Reaction to US granting Shah asylum 2. Hostages not released until 1981, 444 days after capture

320. iii. Supported radical overthrows of secular governments 1. Increased tensions with Iraq a. Shi’a Muslims in Iran and Sunni Muslims in Iraq b. Go to war in 1980 for eight years c. US secretly sold weapons to Iran in an attempt to get their hostages released

321. IV. Afghanistan a. 1950’s Soviet influence increased b. 1970’s Muslims threaten to overthrow Communist control i. Soviets invade in 1979 1. Find themselves mired in Afghanistan a. USSR’s Vietnam 2. US gives Afghanis weapons 3. Soviets withdraw after 10 years

322. MODERN TIMES I. Migrations of refugees and others A. Refugees as an issue in international conflicts B. Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities II. Ethnic and religious conflicts A. Middle East B. Northern Ireland C. Balkans C. Africa

323. III. Unequal Opportunities dependent on access to technologies A. Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications B. Genetic engineering and bioethics

324. IV. Differences in Economically developed and developing nations  Geographic locations of major developed and developing countries  Geographic locations of major developed and developing countries  Economic conditions  Economic conditions C. Social conditions (literacy, access to health care) C. Social conditions (literacy, access to health care) D. Population size and rate of growth E. The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations E. The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations

325. V. Modern Global Challanges A. Environmental challenges i. Pollutioni. Pollution ii. Loss of habitatii. Loss of habitat iii. Ozone depletioniii. Ozone depletion B. Social challengesB. Social challenges  B. Social Challenges PovertyPoverty Poor healthPoor health Illiteracy Illiteracy Famine Famine Migration Migration

326. VI. how economic independence is changing the world A. Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks A. Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks B. Rise and influence of multinational corporations B. Rise and influence of multinational corporations C. Changing role of international boundaries C. Changing role of international boundaries D. Regional integration (European Union) D. Regional integration (European Union) E. Trade agreements—North American Free Trade E. Trade agreements—North American Free Trade F. Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization F. Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO) (WTO) G. International organizations— United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF)

327. Examples of International Terrorism Examples of International Terrorism Munich Olympics Munich Olympics Terrorist attacks in the United States (9/11/2001) - motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). Terrorist attacks in the United States (9/11/2001) - motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). Car bombings Car bombings Suicide bombers Suicide bombers Airline hijackers Airline hijackers