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Human Growth and Development
Chapter 8 Human Growth and Development
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8:1 Life Stages Growth spans an individual’s lifetime
Development is the process of becoming fully grown Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care (continues)
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Life Stages (continued)
Infancy: birth to 1 year Early childhood: 1–6 years Late childhood: 6–12 years Adolescence: 12–20 years Early adulthood: 20–40 years Middle adulthood: 40–65 years Late adulthood: 65 years and older
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Growth and Development Types
Physical: body growth Mental: mind development Emotional: feelings Social: interactions and relationships with others Four types above occur in each stage
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Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage See Table 8-1 in text
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Infancy Age: birth to 1 year old Dramatic and rapid changes
Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs
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Early Childhood Age: 1–6 years old Physical development
Mental development Emotional development Social development The needs of early childhood include routine, order, and consistency
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Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Age: 6–12 years old Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Children in this age group need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance
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Adolescence Age: 12–20 years old Physical development
Mental development Emotional development Social development Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding
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Eating Disorders Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance Anorexia nervosa Bulimia More common in females Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat either of these conditions
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Chemical Abuse Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases Treatment towards total rehabilitation
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Reasons Chemicals Used
Trying to relieve stress or anxiety Peer pressure Escape from either emotional or psychological problems Experimentation Seeking “instant gratification” Hereditary traits or cultural influences
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Suicide One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem Impulsive nature of adolescents Most give warning signs Call for attention Prevention of suicide
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Reasons for Suicide Depression Grief over a loss or love affair
Failure in school Inability to meet expectations Influence of suicidal friends or parents Lack of self-esteem
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Increased Risk of Suicide
Family history of suicide A major loss or disappointment Previous suicide attempts Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)
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Early Adulthood Age: 20–40 years old Physical development
Mental development Emotional development Social development
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Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
Age: 40–65 years of age Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development
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Late Adulthood Age: 65 years of age and older Physical development
Mental development Emotional development Social development The elderly need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love
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8:2 Death and Dying Death is “the final stage of growth”
Experienced by everyone and no one escapes Young people tend to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death
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Terminal Illness Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
People react in different ways Some patients fear the unknown while others view death as a final peace
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Research Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying and because of her research Most medical personnel now believe patients should be informed of approaching death Patients should be left with some hope and know they will not be left alone Staff need to know extent of information known by patients (continues)
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Research (continued) Dr. Kübler-Ross identified five stages of grieving Dying patients and their families and friends may experience these stages Stages may not occur in order Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once
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Stages of Death and Dying
Denial—refuses to believe Anger—when no longer able to deny Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time Depression—realizes death will come soon Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die
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Caring for the Dying Patient
Very challenging, but rewarding work Supportive care Health care worker must have self-awareness Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient
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Hospice Care Palliative care only Often in patient’s home
Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort Personal care Volunteers After death contact and services
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Right to Die Ethical issues must be addressed by the health care worker Laws allowing “right to die” Under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken Hospice encourages LIVE promise Dying Person’s Bill of Rights
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Summary Death is a part of life
Health care workers must understand death and dying process and think about needs of dying patients Then health care workers will be able to provide the special care these individuals need
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8:3 Human Needs Needs: lack of something that is required or desired
Needs exist from birth to death Needs influence our behavior Needs have a priority status Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (See Figure 8-15 in text)
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Altered Physiological Needs
Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs Surgery or laboratory testing Anxiety Medications Loss of vision or hearing (continues)
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Altered Physiological Needs (continued)
Decreased sense of smell and taste Deterioration of muscles and joints Change in person’s behavior What the health care worker can do to assist the patient with altered needs
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Meeting Needs Motivation to act when needs felt
Sense of satisfaction when needs met Sense of frustration when needs not met Must prioritize when several needs are felt at the same time Different needs can have different levels of intensity
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Methods for Satisfying Needs
Direct methods Hard work Set realistic goals Evaluate situation Cooperate with others (continues)
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Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods Defense mechanisms Rationalization Projection Displacement Compensation Daydreaming
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Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods (continued) Repression Suppression Denial Withdrawal
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Summary Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs
More efficient quality care can be provided when needs are recognized Better understanding of our behavior and that of others
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