1. EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES CHAPTER 14

3. Question #1  What is the title of Section 1?

4. Question #2  What does a Knight receive in exchange for his service as a soldier?

5. Question #3  What is another name for the Middle Ages?

6. Question #4  Under Feudalism, who owned all the land?

7. Question #5  What is a manor?

8. Knights In Shiny Armor A person who would receive honor and land in return for his service as a soldier to his lord. “Be Loyal, be brave, be true”

9. The Feudal & Manor System  The Middle Ages- time period between ancient and modern times, AKA the medieval time period  Middle ages began with the collapse of the Roman empire  By 500 AD Western Rome had fallen and reading and writing were in great danger of disappearing.

10. Charlemagne  Gaul was controlled by the Franks (can anyone tell me why this area is now called France?)  The Franks then expanded throughout Western Europe and dominated the territory, uniting it for the first time since the Roman empire  All of this was ruled by Charlemange

11. How Charlemagne United Europe  Established schools  Promoted Christianity  Issued money (to boost economy)  Brought Europe to a period of prosperity not enjoyed since the Romans  Upon his death the empire was divided amongst his 3 sons who fought each other for control

12. The Manor System  Manor System- system of economic and political life at the local level  Manor – Consisted of a large estate, typically a farm house, with fields, pastures, and typically a village

13. Lord of the Manor  Lord of the Manor- was typically a vassal of the king or higher lord  The manor was part of his fief (large area of land ruled over by a lord)  Manors must be self sufficient  Lord would collect taxes, and was the judge, jury, and executioner

14. Role of Noblewomen  Learned from other noblewomen how to run the house  Women ran the household, preformed medical tasks, supervised servants and when the man was out the women were the LORDS

15. Peasants and Serfs  A majority of people were farmers and laborers  Mostly poor  Did almost all of the manor work  Only given a small strip to farm for themselves

16. Tied to the Manor  Serfs were tied to the manor, almost like slaves  Couldn’t leave or marry or reproduce without the lords permission  Hardworking serfs could save money and buy freedom  A serf who could escape the manor and live in the city for 1 year and 1 day was also considered free

17. Hard Life  Lived in 1 room shacks  Slept on cloth sacks stuffed with straw  Rarely got to eat meat  Usually ate bread, cabbage, and turnips

18. Section 2: The Church and the Rise of Cities

20. The Church in the Middle Ages  Western Europe became predominantly Roman Catholic  Why was it so powerful?...  Religious and economic power  Political power

21. Religious and Economic Power  The church promised a reward for leading a good life, even though life was tough, if you were good you would be rewarded in Heaven  The church threatened “Hell” for eternity for those who did not listen  The church owned a lot of land which gave it major economic power. It took fiefs as payment for religious works  The church was the biggest land owner during that period

22. Political Power and the Church  Church made laws and had courts to uphold them  Used excommunication as its threat  Excommunication- being expelled from participation in church life (social life gone)  The church was the main advisor for kings and lords, and preached against war.  Wars declined in the 1100’s and become increasingly uncommon

23. Church Organization  Highly organized  Each village had a priest  Priests controlled by an archbishop  Archbishops were controlled by the Pope  The papacy (church govt.) based out of Rome  Had power in every kingdom, fief, and village

24. Church in Everyday Life  The church was involved in every major life event, marriage, birth, death, serious illness  They were there to offer a blessing  Clergy also helped people follow the rules and listened to confessions and forgave sins

25. Monasteries and Convents  Some religious men and religious women decided to dedicate their lives to God.  Men lived in monasteries  Women lived in convents  This is called the monastic life.  Looked after the sick  Farmed and found better ways to grow crops and raise livestock

26. Scholasticism  Some Christians taught that people should use reason to discover truth  Some Christians taught that you must accept Christians ideas on faith alone  Christians created Scholasticism to resolve the issue

27. Trade Revives and Towns Grow  As Europe stabilized, trade items were brought in by the crusaders (silk road trade items)  The economy began to grow  As trade began to grow, the small markets in towns began to grow, as the markets grew, so did the towns

28. Life in Towns and Cities  The rise of the middle class- towns were not self- sufficient, they had to trade and buy and sell to survive. This created a new class of workers, merchants, and craftsmen.  Guilds- includes all people who practiced a specific craft  Guilds set prices on their products that all followed  Apprentice- unpaid worker who was learning a craft

29. Overcrowding and Disease  The populations grew so fast that sanitation could not be kept up with  Lack of sanitation meant disease spread quickly  Fleas living on rats spread the disease  One such disease was the plague or black death  Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population between 1347- 1351

31. Medieval Culture  Despite the hardships of life, Medieval culture was not all harsh  Lots of traveling scholars  Great art  Great architecture  Chivalry- code of honorable conduct followed by all the knights  Troubadours- travelling poets and musicians

32. The Crusades  The fight to regain the holy land  Holy Land- region where Jesus grew up and taught of God  Modern day Judea, a part of Jerusalem on the bank of the Mediterranean sea

33. Causes of the Crusades  Crusades- Church led military expeditions to recapture the Holy Land  Crusaders comes from “CRUX” a word meaning cross

34. Pilgrims to the Holy Land  Since about 200 Europeans have traveled to Jerusalem  Jerusalem- a city in the holy land regarded as sacred by Christians, Jews, and Muslims  Pilgrims- people who journey to a sacred place

35. War with the Muslim Turks  The Muslims cut off travel routes to the Holy Land  The Muslims were attacking the Byzantine Empire which was a Christian Empire  Pope Urban II wanted war for a couple reasons  Open the Holy Land to all Christians  Wanted the Holy Land under Christian control  Thought Crusades would bring Europe together and make them stop fighting each other  Wanted personal fame

36. A Series of Crusades  The First Crusade- Christian knights took Jerusalem in 1099 and divided it into 4 Christian states. The Muslims attacked them repeatedly  Later Crusades- Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem and refused to give it up  He did allow Christian pilgrims

37. The Result of the Crusades  Increased Trade- The crusader ships dropped troops off and returned with jewels, rugs, spices, and many other luxury items that became in high demand in Europe.  New Ideas- Crusaders learned how to make better ships, maps, new mathematic skills, medicine got better.  This turned Europe into worldwide explorers

38. Section 4: The Power of Kings  King Henry IV of Germany was picking his own bishops.  Pope Gregory excommunicated him for 3 days  King Henry was let back into the church, he then took over Italy and kicked Gregory out of the papacy  Henry became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire  Henry picked his own pope

39. Nation Building  Henry’s success showed other kings it was ok to go against the church  Nobles became so wealthy they started to think themselves equal to kings  As long as the feudal system stayed strong so did the nobles  The feudal system starts to decline due to the rise of the middle class and trade in cities

40. Birth of Nations  As the feudal system fell, the manor system fell.  Wealthy kings began to control larger area alone with their army  These kingdoms became nations  Nation-community of people who share a territory and a govt, common language, and culture  Some more famous nations that sprang up were France, Russia, and Spain

41. Changes in England In the 1200’s the kings began dominating nobles and all other villagers Angered the nobles King John raised taxes and illegally jailed is enemies Seized church property and picked his own clergymen The pope put a bishop in place who supported the nobles and opposed the kings actions

42. Magna Carta  Magna Carta- A charter that limited the kings power  Model Parliament- included common people as well as lords and clergymen  Parliament turns into the law making body of England  This gave people input which made them happy but the king also still had power  This helped unite England

43. The Hundred Years War  Hundred Years War- A long series of clashes between Europe and France  Causes of the war  King Edward of England invaded France after the death of their king because his mother was a French Princess and he felt entitled

44. Joan of Arc

45.  The war drug on king after king and year after year  The English were usually winning  A French peasant girl named Joan of Arc to over the French army at Orleans  She led the French to many victories until she was captured by the English and burned at the stake for witchcraft  She was seen as a Martyr and inspired the French to many victories

46. The Growing Power of Kings  Knights became useless  Foot soldiers necessary  Small feudal castles could not withstand new military technology  100 years war led to a growth in nationalism  The English King sought parliaments approval during the war, this strengthened their govt. to make it what it is today  100 years war gave England and France boundaries, both began to look elsewhere in the world for new land instead of taking land in Europe