1. Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA

2.  P. 261 (1-2)  P. 263 (1-2)  Using pages 264-267, place the European countries on the continental map of Europe. Use the political map found on page 261.  Additionally label the following on your map: Atlantic Ocean North Sea Baltic Sea Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Strait of Gibraltar Ionian Sea Aegean Sea

4. Europe: Europe is on the super land mass known as Eurasia Europe: second smallest continent after Australia. Europe is about ¾ the size of the United States Most people live within close proximity to the sea Netherlands, for example, have built dikes, (earthen embankments and stone to hold back water). Polders: reclaimed land that can be used for farming and settlement.

6.  Netherlands Dikes Netherlands Dikes

9.  Europe is a large peninsula made up of smaller peninsulas a. Scandinavian: Norway, Sweden, and Finland Glaciation: process where glaciers have formed and spread over an area Fjords: long, narrow passageways that have been carved out by moving glaciers on the coast of Norway. a. Jutland: mainland Denmark an extends into the North Sea toward Norway and Sweden.

12.  Norwegian Fjords Hyperlink Norwegian Fjords Hyperlink

14.  Iberian Peninsula: Portugal and Spain Semi-arid plateau rising above the coastal plains Pyrenees Mountains separates the peninsula from mainland Europe Apennine: Italy Balkan: Southeastern Europe Activity: p. 273 (1-2)

17.  Iceland (volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers)  British Isles: (Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales) and Ireland  Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Crete, and Cyprus  Malta  Balearic Islands: Spain  Greece: 2,000 islands in the Aegean

18.  learning basic Icelandic learning basic Icelandic  geothermal energy in Iceland geothermal energy in Iceland

20.  Europe’s mainland consists of plains interrupted by mountains running through the interior and along its northern and southern edges  Highlands: Spain: Meseta France: Massif Central Mountains: Pyrenees: separates Spain from France Alps: southern France to the Balkans. Barrier from the warm, dry climate of the Mediterranean south from the cooler climates of the north Carpathians: Eastern Europe from Slovakia to Romania

21.  North European Plain: southeastern England to Poland, Ukraine, and Russia. Fertile area for food production Coal and iron ore are found here Most of Europe’s largest cities (Paris, Berlin) are located on the North European Plain Great Hungarian Plain: extends from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia, and Romania in SE Europe.

22.  Rivers flow from inland mountain and highland areas to the coasts Rhine: most important river in western Europe Danube Seine Rhone Loire Elbe Thames Vistula Po Dnieper

24.  Rhine River Rhine River

25.  Coal  Iron ore  Zinc  Manganese  Peat: vegetable matter found in swamps and usually composed of mosses

27.  Factors that Affect Europe’s Climates 1. Latitude 2. Mountains 3. Ocean Currents 4. Distance from large bodies of water

28.  Europe’s northern latitude and its relationship to the sea influence its climate and vegetation.  Western and Southern Europe benefit from warm maritime winds.  Eastern and Northern Europe have a colder climate because of their distance from the warming effects of the Atlantic Ocean

30.  Marine West Coast Climate (mild winters, cool summers, and abundant rainfall) Gulf Stream (Atlantic Ocean) North Atlantic Drift (brings warm waters to the Gulf of Mexico and regions near the Equator) Prevailing westerly winds blowing over these currents carry warm, moist air across the surface of the European landmass.

31.  Deciduous Trees: trees that lose their leaves (ash, maple, and oak) Coniferous: cone, bearing fir, pine, and spruce. Found in cooler Alpine mountain areas. Timberline: the elevation above which trees cannot grow. Alps have a highlands climate with generally colder temperatures and more precipitation than nearby lowland areas.

32. Foehns: dry winds that blow down from the mountains into valleys and plains. Foehns can trigger avalanches. Avalanches: destructive masses of ice, snow, and rock sliding down mountainsides. Avalanches threaten skiers and hikers and can be very destructive. They are serious natural hazard in the Alps.

36.  Mediterranean Climate: warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters  Alps block moist Atlantic winds so less precipitation falls in southern Europe than in northwestern Europe Mistral: a strong north wind from the Alps that sometimes sends gusts of bitterly cold air into southern France Siroccos: high, dry winds from North Africa that might bring high temperatures to the region.

40.  Hot dry summers support the chaparral (shrubs and small trees: cork oak tree and the olive tree)

41. Humid Continental Climate; cold, snowy, winters and hot summers. Warm Atlantic currents have less influence on climate in these areas farther from the Atlantic Ocean. Varied winter and summer temperatures. Grasslands cover parts of eastern Europe. Far North: Iceland, Scandinavia, and Finland: subartic and tundra climates of bitterly cold winters and short, cool summers.

42.  Tundra subarctic regions have permafrost. Permafrost: Soil that is permanently frozen below the surface. Tundra areas support little vegetation, with the exception of mosses, small shrubs, and wildflowers that bloom during summer.