1. Europe Chapter 12

2. Key Terms and Main Idea Fjord Fjord Uplands Uplands Meseta Meseta Massif Central Massif Central Peat Peat Europe is composed of many peninsulas and islands Europe is composed of many peninsulas and islands

4. Europe Landforms The Peninsula of Peninsulas The Peninsula of Peninsulas Europe is a large peninsula stretching west of Asia. It also contains many small peninsulas Europe is a large peninsula stretching west of Asia. It also contains many small peninsulas A Peninsula is a body land that projects out into water but is still connected to the main body of land A Peninsula is a body land that projects out into water but is still connected to the main body of land

5. Peninsula

6. Islands Northern Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, & Greenland Northern Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, & Greenland Mediterranean – Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete & the Balearic Islands Mediterranean – Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete & the Balearic Islands

7. Northern Peninsula Scandinavian Peninsula: Nations of Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian Peninsula: Nations of Norway and Sweden. Terrain - thin rocky soil that makes it hard for farming. Terrain - thin rocky soil that makes it hard for farming. In Norway glaciers carved out Fjords- which are steep u shaped valleys that connect to the sea In Norway glaciers carved out Fjords- which are steep u shaped valleys that connect to the sea

8. Jutland Peninsula It is directly across the North Sea from the Scandinavian Peninsula. It forms the largest part of Denmark and small part of Germany It is directly across the North Sea from the Scandinavian Peninsula. It forms the largest part of Denmark and small part of Germany This land is an extension that is a broad plain that reaches across Northern Europe This land is an extension that is a broad plain that reaches across Northern Europe

9. Southern Peninsula’s Iberian Peninsula: It is Home to Spain and Portugal. The Pyrenees Mountains block off this Peninsula from the rest of Europe Iberian Peninsula: It is Home to Spain and Portugal. The Pyrenees Mountains block off this Peninsula from the rest of Europe Italian Peninsula: Home to Italy, extends into the Mediterranean Sea 4700 miles of coast line. Italian Peninsula: Home to Italy, extends into the Mediterranean Sea 4700 miles of coast line. Balkan Peninsula: is bordered by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas. It is mountainous transportation is difficult. Balkan Peninsula: is bordered by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas. It is mountainous transportation is difficult.

10. Iberian Peninsula

11. Italian Peninsula

12. Balkan Peninsula

13. Mountains Viewed as walls, because the mountains block people or separate groups. Viewed as walls, because the mountains block people or separate groups. Alps- Arc across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the northern Balkan Peninsula. They cut Italy off from the rest of Europe. Alps- Arc across France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the northern Balkan Peninsula. They cut Italy off from the rest of Europe. Pyrenees- Restrict movement from France to Spain and Portugal Pyrenees- Restrict movement from France to Spain and Portugal Apennine- Running like a spine down Italy, they divide the Italian Peninsula between East and West. Apennine- Running like a spine down Italy, they divide the Italian Peninsula between East and West. Balkan- Block off the Balkan Peninsula from the rest of Europe Balkan- Block off the Balkan Peninsula from the rest of Europe

14. Landforms Uplands- are hills or very low mountains that also may contain Mesas or high plateaus Uplands- are hills or very low mountains that also may contain Mesas or high plateaus Meseta- The Central Plateau of Spain Meseta- The Central Plateau of Spain Massif Central- 1/6 of the French lands are uplands Massif Central- 1/6 of the French lands are uplands

15. Rivers Europe has a network of rivers that bring people and goods together Europe has a network of rivers that bring people and goods together The two major Castle Lined Rivers are the Danube and the Rhine The two major Castle Lined Rivers are the Danube and the Rhine Danube- Cuts through the heart of Europe from west the east, touching 9 countries 1771 miles to the Black Sea. Danube- Cuts through the heart of Europe from west the east, touching 9 countries 1771 miles to the Black Sea. Rhine- Flows 820 miles from the interior of Europe north to the North Sea Rhine- Flows 820 miles from the interior of Europe north to the North Sea

16. ResourcesRivers/Seas –Many natural bays and harbors Helps trade & fishing industries Helps trade & fishing industries –How are rivers used in Europe? Gives access to the seas Gives access to the seas Transport goods & people Transport goods & people

17. Resources Fertile Plains/Agriculture –About 33% of land is suitable for agriculture –Major crops are grains, grapes, olives –Northern European Plain (N.E.P.) –Other Smaller Plains in Sweden, Hungary, & northern Italy

18. ResourcesEnergy –Several oil and natural gas reserves throughout the North Sea –Coal and Iron ore throughout northern Europe Big part of early Industrialization Big part of early Industrialization helps in steel production helps in steel production + good transportation + good transportation - pollution - pollution –Due to lack of energy resources, Irish can use peat to burn as fuel

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20. Climate & Vegetation: Warm Westerly Winds Most of Europe has a Marine West Coast climate.

21. Climate & Vegetation: Warm Westerly Winds Europe enjoys a much milder climate than other regions at this latitude. Why? North Atlantic Drift a current of warm water from the tropics that flows near Europe’s west coast. The prevailing westerlies pick up warm air from this current and carry it over Europe North Atlantic Drift a current elevates temperature and carries moisture.

22. Climate & Vegetation: Harsher Conditions Inland Areas in Europe far from the coast have a harsher climate than coastal areas. These areas have mild to hot summers and cold, snowy winters. They don’t receive the warm westerly winds produced by the Northern Atlantic Drift. The Alps have a cold climate because of their high elevation. Alps in the summer

23. Climate & Vegetation: Mediterranean The areas around the Mediterranean Sea enjoy a mild climate. Mountains block cold air from the North. The parts of Europe that benefit from this climate includes: Southern Spain & France, Italy, Greece, & parts of the Balkans

24. Climate & Vegetation: Mediterranean: Special Winds An exception to this is the Mediterranean coast of France Not protected by mountains A cold, dry wind called the mistral blows from the north The sirocco is a hot, steady south wind that blows from North Africa

25. Climate & Vegetation: Mediterranean The major crops of the Mediterranean region are citrus fruits, olives, grapes, and wheat Its mild climate and sunny beaches make tourism a major industry in the region

26. Climate & Vegetation: Land of Midnight Sun In far northern Scandinavia, along the Arctic Circle, lies a band of tundra climate. The cold limits agriculture to southern Scandinavia. No trees grow in this tundra climate, only mosses and lichens, because the topsoil is always frozen. North of the Arctic Circle, there are winter days when the sun never rises and summer days when the sun never sets Sometimes called the Land of the Midnight Sun

27. III. Human-Environment Interaction Polders in the Netherlands Built by the Dutch to reclaim land from the sea 40% of Netherlands was once under Sea During storms the Dutch go to Terpens, which are high, earthen platforms.

28. Dikes - An earthen bank used to direct or prevent the passage of water Dikes - An earthen bank used to direct or prevent the passage of water Polders - Land that is reclaimed by building dikes and draining Polders - Land that is reclaimed by building dikes and draining Terpens – high earthen platforms used in seaworks Terpens – high earthen platforms used in seaworks

29. Canals in Venice, Italy

30. Venice Made up of 120 small islands and part of the mainland Made up of 120 small islands and part of the mainland Venice began when people tried to escape invaders (the Huns) in the 400s Venice began when people tried to escape invaders (the Huns) in the 400s There are more than 150 canals There are more than 150 canals People either take a boat or walk People either take a boat or walkeverywhere

31. Problems Water pollution: industrial waste, sewer & saltwater Erosion Flooding Algae – Kills fish, stinks

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