1. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Swiss Humanist/Priest, lived in Zurich Taught from Erasmus’ New Testament, not the prescribed readings Worked closely with the city and surrounding areas Church and State need to work together to promote real reform Received strong support of city authorities who had long resented privileges of the RCC

2. Martin Luther (1483-1546) German Monk, adult life spent in Wittenburg in province of Saxony, under protection from Frederick the Wise WHY DID CERTAIN PRINCES SUPPORT REFORMATION?!? Viewed State rule as fully justified over Church and Authority Realized that PERMANENT reform required POLITICS Church and State needs to be united Did not support Radical Reformation because of its disruptive social implications “Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”

3. Henry VIII (1509-1547) English King Created the Anglican Church/Church of England b/c Pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (see pg. 461 in text) With the 1534 Supremacy Act, the King becomes the Supreme Head of the Church of England A unique blend of Church and State...politics take the lead This act becomes front-runner for England-Protestant/Ireland-Catholic conflicts that continue to this day

4. John Calvin (1509-1564) French Moved to Geneva, Switzerland to reform the City Established a Christian society ruled by God through civil magistrates and reformed ministers “A City that was a Church” No distinction between un-Christian conduct and crimes against society, God’s laws and Man’s laws enforced A big, powerful preacher/orator “The Institutes of the Christian Religion” - 1536

5. John Knox (1505?-1572) Scottish Created the Presbyterian Church of Scotland which becomes the National- State Church Modeled closely after Geneva where Knox studies and worked Persuaded Scottish parliament to enact legislation ending papal authority Created close-ties to English Puritans Laid great emphasis on preaching