1. Property Crime in Hip-Hop vs. Electronic Dance Music Nightclub Events: Examining the Drugs/Crime Connection* Phil Kavanaugh and Tammy Anderson University of Delaware Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice For more info, contact: prkav@udel.eduprkav@udel.edu or tammya@udel.edu tammya@udel.edu prkav@udel.edutammya@udel.edu *Project funded by NIJ Grant No. 2004-IJ-CX-0040, with additional support from the University of Delaware

2. Introduction / Problem Statement Currently, the hip-hop (HH) and electronic dance music (EDM) nightclub scenes function as a major source of entertainment and leisure activity for a large number of young adults. Currently, the hip-hop (HH) and electronic dance music (EDM) nightclub scenes function as a major source of entertainment and leisure activity for a large number of young adults. These scenes have been linked to alcohol and drug abuse, as well as various criminal behaviors, including property crimes such as theft and vandalism. These scenes have been linked to alcohol and drug abuse, as well as various criminal behaviors, including property crimes such as theft and vandalism. Unfortunately, nightclubs have received relatively scant attention as a site for addressing the connection between alcohol, drugs, and crime (ADC) in both theoretical and empirical work. Unfortunately, nightclubs have received relatively scant attention as a site for addressing the connection between alcohol, drugs, and crime (ADC) in both theoretical and empirical work.

3. Research Questions What kinds of property crime occur at HH and EDM nightclub events? What kinds of property crime occur at HH and EDM nightclub events? What is the relationship between alcohol and drug consumption and property crime at these events? What is the relationship between alcohol and drug consumption and property crime at these events? How does this relationship vary by scene? How does this relationship vary by scene? How do the activities and behavioral norms of the HH and EDM scenes impact the ADC relationship in ways not previously considered? How do the activities and behavioral norms of the HH and EDM scenes impact the ADC relationship in ways not previously considered?

4. Theoretical Framework Goldstein’s (1985) Tripartite Model. Goldstein’s (1985) Tripartite Model. White’s (1990) Common Cause Model. White’s (1990) Common Cause Model. Examining the ADC relationship in the nightclub-based leisure economy allows us to: Examining the ADC relationship in the nightclub-based leisure economy allows us to: Identify the factors that impact the ADC relationship in this setting. Identify the factors that impact the ADC relationship in this setting. Determine how well extant models apply to specific settings and diverse populations. Determine how well extant models apply to specific settings and diverse populations.

5. Methodological Approach Multi-method ethnographic study of the HH and EDM nightclub scenes in Philadelphia, PA - conducted from April 2005 to January 2006. Multi-method ethnographic study of the HH and EDM nightclub scenes in Philadelphia, PA - conducted from April 2005 to January 2006. Interviews with 51 participants in the EDM and HH nightclub scenes. Interviews with 51 participants in the EDM and HH nightclub scenes. Direct observation of 33 nightclub events in the city of Philadelphia. Direct observation of 33 nightclub events in the city of Philadelphia. Data are self-reported, retrospective accounts of drug use and crime. Data are self-reported, retrospective accounts of drug use and crime. Used a grounded theory approach to generate findings. Used a grounded theory approach to generate findings.

6. Types of Data used to Discern Alcohol / Drug Use and Property Crime Drug and alcohol use Drug and alcohol use Self-reported use (present) and past (5 years). Self-reported use (present) and past (5 years). Direct observation of consumption patterns at events. Direct observation of consumption patterns at events. Property Crime Property Crime Self-reports of property crime offending. Self-reports of property crime offending. Respondent reports of property crime witnessed at club events. Respondent reports of property crime witnessed at club events. Self-reports of property crime victimization. Self-reports of property crime victimization.

7. Table 1. Respondent Race and Sex Breakdown __________________________________________________________________________________________ Sex /Race WhiteBlack Asian HispanicTotal # __________________________________________________________________________________________ Male910 4 326 Female711 6 125 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Total #1621 10 4 51 __________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Table 2. Social Class Indicators by Race and Sex ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Race / SexMean Age Mean Inc.* High School Some College B.A./M.A.*** ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ White Male26.6$27,000 3 5 1 White Female25.2$26,520 2 3 2 Black Male 26$29,000 2 5 2 Black Female22.2$25,860** 2 5 5 Asian Male28.5$55,900 1 2 1 Asian Female25.4$34,500 21 3 Hisp. Male26.3$35,250 21. Hisp. Female25$4,800 1.. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Totals25.3$36,820 15 22 14 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Income data is annual, and was provided for 45 of the 50 respondents. Six respondents were unemployed and not earning an income at the time of the interview. The mean figures do not include data for those six. ** The mean income for black females may be artificially inflated due to one respondent earning $69,000 a year. If she is excluded, the mean income for this category drops to $18,600. *** One respondent had a graduate degree - a black female with a Master’s in computer science. Four others were pursuing advanced degrees - 2 Asian females, 1 black female, and 1 white male.

9. Table 3. Hip-Hop Respondent Demographic and Social Class Indicators ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Race / Sex #Mean Age Mean Inc. High School Some College B.A./M.A. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ White Male 326.3$23,000 1 2. White Female 228.5$38,000. 1 1 Black Male 726$28,000 1 4 2 Black Female 923.7$26,830*. 4 5 Asian Male 226.5$60,000** 1. 1 Asian Female 525.4$34,500 11 3 Hisp. Male 1 29$50,000.1. Hisp. Female 125$4,800 1.. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Totals 3026.3$33,140 5 13 12 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ *The mean income for black females may be artificially inflated due to one respondent earning $69,000 a year. If she is excluded, the mean income for this category drops to $18,400. ** Mean income for the Asian male category is based on data from one respondent only.

10. Table 4. EDM Respondent Demographic and Social Class Indicators ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Educational Attainment Educational Attainment Race / Sex #Mean Age Mean Inc. High School Some College B.A./M.A. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ White Male 626.8$29,600 2 3 1 White Female 524$23,650 2 2 1 Black Male 326.7$32,500 1 2. Black Female 219.5$20,000* 1 1. Asian Male 129.5$57,500. 2. Asian Female 125$24,000 1.. Hisp. Male 2 24$20,500** 11. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Totals 2125$29,700 8 11 2 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ * Mean income for the black female category is based on data for one respondent only. ** Mean income for the Hispanic male category is based on data for one respondent only.

11. Table 5. Direct Observation of Events by Type ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Event Type Commercial 1 HH Commercial EDM Underground 2 HH Underground EDM Mash-ups 3 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Weeklies 4 61 5 1. Monthlies 5 21 4 3 2 Superstar One-off 6 23. 1 2 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Totals 105 9 5 4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]Commercial refers to large events at clubs that replicate and appeal to mainstream music interests, styles, and forms and are marketed to as many clubbers as possible. These parties are primarily focused on profit.. [2]Underground refers to smaller parties held at smaller clubs for those loyal to or interested in music that is not commercially available or played in conventional outlets. [3]Mash-ups are a new scene developing around a DJ mixing together different genres of music (reggae, HH, pop, house, rock). [4]Weeklies are named parties held on a particular day every week, usually from 9pm until 2am. They tend to draw smaller crowds and are heavily populated by insiders or enthusiasts. [5]Monthlies are named parties held once a month–usually on a weekend and from 9pm until 2-3am. They tend to draw slightly larger crowds, have more status, and are populated by scene enthusiasts and some “outsiders.” [6]Superstar one-offs are one-time events that often obtain special permits to run past normal bar hours. They feature a commercially popular DJ or DJs and are held at commercial clubs to accommodate large, diverse crowds.

12. Drug and Alcohol Use by Scene Alcohol and marijuana were most common in both scenes. Alcohol and marijuana were most common in both scenes. Ecstasy use reported in both scenes, more in EDM, more at commercial events. Ecstasy use reported in both scenes, more in EDM, more at commercial events. Respondents in both scenes reported “pre-gaming.” Respondents in both scenes reported “pre-gaming.” Many respondents in both scenes reported daily marijuana use. Many respondents in both scenes reported daily marijuana use. Alcohol use was reported as moderate or light - actual levels exceeded this, particularly at commercial events. Alcohol use was reported as moderate or light - actual levels exceeded this, particularly at commercial events.

13. Types of Property Crime Committed and Experienced by HH and EDM Respondents Most common is theft. Most common is theft. Stealing jackets and other personal affects (bags, purses, clothing). Stealing jackets and other personal affects (bags, purses, clothing). Second most common - minor acts of vandalism. Second most common - minor acts of vandalism. Graffiti most common. Graffiti most common. Breaking bottles in our outside of the club. Breaking bottles in our outside of the club. Third - major acts of vandalism. Third - major acts of vandalism. Vehicle windows smashed, etc. Vehicle windows smashed, etc. Vehicles broken into, personal affects stolen, etc. Vehicles broken into, personal affects stolen, etc.

14. EDM and HH Scene Comparison: Theft EDM scene respondents reported more acts of theft in all categories compared to HH scene respondents. EDM scene respondents reported more acts of theft in all categories compared to HH scene respondents. EDM Scene: Offended Count: 4 of 21 Sex: 3 male, 1 female HH Scene: Offended Count: 1 of 30 Sex: 1 female EDM Scene: Witnessed Count: 10 of 21 Sex: 7 male, 3 female HH Scene: Witnessed Count: 8 of 30 Sex: 6 male, 2 female EDM Scene: Victimized Count: 12 of 21 Sex: 8 male, 4 female HH Scene: Victimized Count: 7 of 30 Sex: 5 male, 2 female

15. EDM and HH Scene Comparison: Minor vandalism Roughly same # of respondents in both HH and EDM scenes reported witnessing and committing acts of graffiti. Roughly same # of respondents in both HH and EDM scenes reported witnessing and committing acts of graffiti. EDM Scene: Offended (Graffiti) Count: 4 of 21 Sex: 4 male HH Scene: Offended (Graffiti) Count: 7 of 30 Sex: 7 male EDM Scene: Witnessed (Graffiti) Count: 12 of 21 Sex: 8 male, 4 female HH Scene: Witnessed (Graffiti) Count: 9 of 30 Sex: 6 male, 3 female EDM Scene: Other Minor Vandalism None HH Scene: Other (Offend/Witnessed) Count: 3 of 30 Sex: 1 male, 1 female (1 fem witnessed)

16. EDM and HH Scene Comparison: Major vandalism All reports in both EDM and HH scenes are vehicular-related. All reports in both EDM and HH scenes are vehicular-related. EDM scene respondents reported experiencing and witnessing a greater # of incidents. EDM scene respondents reported experiencing and witnessing a greater # of incidents. EDM Scene: Witnessed Count: 4 of 21 Sex: 2 male, 2 female HH Scene: Witnessed Count: 2 of 30 Sex: 2 male. EDM Scene: Victimized Count: 3 of 21 Sex: 2 male, 1 female HH Scene: Victimized None

17. ADC at EDM /HH Club Events: Scene Type v. Event Type Scene type (HH v. EDM) less important than event type (commercial v. underground) in ADC relationship. Scene type (HH v. EDM) less important than event type (commercial v. underground) in ADC relationship. Most theft and minor vandalism reported at commercial events. Most theft and minor vandalism reported at commercial events. Impersonal atmosphere of commercial events contributes to this. Impersonal atmosphere of commercial events contributes to this. Commercial events encourage excessive alcohol consumption. Commercial events encourage excessive alcohol consumption. Contributes to victim precipitation. Contributes to victim precipitation. Contributes to minor vandalism such as breaking bottles, etc. Contributes to minor vandalism such as breaking bottles, etc.

18. ADC at EDM / HH Club Events: Alternative Norms Theft considered “par for the course.” Theft considered “par for the course.” Respondents stress personal responsibility. Respondents stress personal responsibility. Victims of theft become jaded, become offenders. Victims of theft become jaded, become offenders. Graffiti as part of the scene culture. Graffiti as part of the scene culture. Most do not regard “tagging” as a crime, but rather as art. Most do not regard “tagging” as a crime, but rather as art. Major Vandalism also considered “par for the course.” Major Vandalism also considered “par for the course.” Emphasis on outside factors (bad neighborhood). Emphasis on outside factors (bad neighborhood). Again, respondents stress personal responsibility. Again, respondents stress personal responsibility.

19. ADC at EDM / HH Club Events: The Club Itself Characteristics of venue also impact the ADC relationship. Characteristics of venue also impact the ADC relationship. The role of club security impacts the relationship. The role of club security impacts the relationship. Physical layout of the club does as well. Physical layout of the club does as well. Theft more common in clubs with multiple rooms / floors. Theft more common in clubs with multiple rooms / floors. Routine activities (lack of guardianship). Routine activities (lack of guardianship). Club location (neighborhood). Club location (neighborhood). Car vandalism a result of clubs located in or near bad neighborhoods. Car vandalism a result of clubs located in or near bad neighborhoods. Alternative norms are also apparent in neighborhoods. Alternative norms are also apparent in neighborhoods.

20. Conclusions Future research examining the ADC connection in nightclub scenes should focus on the interplay between Future research examining the ADC connection in nightclub scenes should focus on the interplay between Pharmacological factors Pharmacological factors Role of drug and alcohol use in victim precipitation Role of drug and alcohol use in victim precipitation Scene-specific factors Scene-specific factors Role of security Role of security Alternative norms Alternative norms Promotion of alcohol /acceptance of drug use Promotion of alcohol /acceptance of drug use Structural factors Structural factors Neighborhoods Neighborhoods Physical layout of the venue Physical layout of the venue