EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA
Unit 1 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

US Geography Basics Third largest country in the world.
Half the size of Russia. One third the size of Africa. Half the size of South America. 2 ½ times the size of Western Europe.

Regions & Time Zones of the U. S.

Topography

Topography of the US

North-South Divide: The Mason-Dixon Line
Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon:

The Great Plains

Bodies of Water Great Salt Lake Chesapeake Bay Lake Okeechobee

Rivers St. Lawrence R. Columbia R. Missouri R. Hudson R. Potomac R.
Mississippi R. Ohio R. Colorado R. Arkansas R. Rio Grande R. Yukon R.

The Mississippi: America’s Great River Road
The “Big Muddy”. 2,350 miles. Draining all or part of states & 2 Canadian provinces. Covers 40% of the U. S.

Mountains & Plateaus Adirondack Mts. Cascade Mts. Rocky Mts.
Sierra Nevada Mts. ^ Mt. Whitney Appalachian Mts. ^ Pike’s Peak ^ Mt. McKinley Alaskan Range

Atlantic Coastal Plains
Great Basin Central Plains Atlantic Coastal Plains Gulf Coastal Plains

Deserts Death Valley Mohave Desert

Atlantic Coastal Plains
Completed Map St. Lawrence R. Columbia R. Adirondack Mts. Cascade Mts. Missouri R. Hudson R. Rocky Mts. Great Basin Potomac R. Great Salt Lake Cumberland Plateau Mississippi R. Chesapeake Bay Central Plains Sierra Nevada Mts. ^ Mt. Whitney Appalachian Mts. Ohio R. Colorado R. ^ Pike’s Peak Death Valley Arkansas R. Atlantic Coastal Plains Mohave Desert Gulf Coastal Plains Lake Okeechobee Rio Grande R. Yukon R. ^ Mt. McKinley Alaskan Range

Climate

Vegetation

Demographics

U. S. Population as of April, 2010
308,745,538 One birth every 8 seconds. One death every 13 seconds. One international migrant (net) every seconds. Net gain of one person every 10 seconds.

Geographic Problems

Seismography Data: Earthquakes!

Tornadoes Per Year:

Andrew: The Most Expensive Hurricane
August 24, 1992 Category 5 Killed 65 people Cost $30,000,000,000

Hurricane Katrina

The Geographic Diversity of America!

National Parks

US National Parks (1) Grand Teton National Park, WY
Glacier National Park, MT Mt. Rushmore National Park, SD

US National Parks (2) Everglades National Park, FL
Yellowstone National Park, MT Grand Canyon National Park, AZ

US National Parks (3) Yosemite National Park, CA
Acadia National Park, ME Natural Bridges National Park, UT

Essential Questions How did a culture clash help to form America?
What did the colonists want when they came to the New World? How did this affect their establishment? How did geography effect the development of the colonies? Who suffered and who gained by the Revolution? How revolutionary was the Revolution?

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE
Ancient Cultures arrived about 22,000 years ago via a land bridge Earliest settlers were hunters Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 years ago Some Natives remained Nomadic Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography The Pueblo (SW) and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better exploration

Early Explorations  1000 AD Norse sailors discovered Newfoundland (abandoned)  Columbus-landed on San Salvador (Bahamas) in 1492, continued exploration of Islands in Caribbean including Cuba and Hispaniola  “New World” divided between Spain and Portugal-Treaty of Tordesillas (pope) divided Americas along a line of latitude-papal line of demarcation  Spanish Exploration and Conquest (Conquistadors-encomienda system (introduced slavery))  Vasco Nunez de Balboa-crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered Pacific (1513)  Juan Ponce de Leon-discovered Florida (1513)  Ferdinand Magellan-sailed around tip of S. America (1520)  Hernan Cortes-conquered Aztecs (Montezuma believed Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl-predicted to return from the eastern sea Francisco Pizarro-conquered the Inca

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Savior”) He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System Disease devastated Native population

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Syphilis | This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 Supplements

Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Animals: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

Does Columbus deserve the title of “Hero” or “Villain”?
Christopher Columbus Does Columbus deserve the title of “Hero” or “Villain”?

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE
Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICA
Mid-1500s, Spain explored much of what is today the SW & West of the USA New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who converted Natives (Pueblos) Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16th century California was site of numerous missions California Missions

Settlement of N. America
Spanish Settlements in North America Florida-1565 established settlement at St. Augustine New Mexico (Santa Fe-1609)-Roman Catholic mission became the central institution until the missionaries’ efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked an Indian uprising called Pope’s Rebellion in 1680 Texas, California (San Diego-1769, San Francisco-1776) French Claims Based on voyages of Giovanni da Verrazano (NE coast, NY Harbor) and Jacques Cartier ( explored St. Lawrence River) First Settlement-Established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec Dutch Claims Henry Hudson-1609 searched for a northwest passage Established claims to New Amsterdam (NY)-controlled by Dutch West India Company

Question….. How did the colonization patterns of France, Spain, and England differ with regard to economic development, motivation, and race relations?

What were the reasons for emigration to the new land?
Question… What were the reasons for emigration to the new land?

English Claims in the Chesapeake
Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America 1607: Jamestown was first to be settled (joint-stock) John Smith led this group of settlers Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop

Question What was the role of tobacco?
How did tobacco affect the relationship between the Northern and Southern colonies?

English Claims in the Chesapeake
John Cabot-funded by King Henry VII, explored coast of Newfoundland (1497)-did not return till later Early English Settlements: Jamestown-King James I chartered the Virginia Company (joint-stock company) to establish the first permanent English Colony (1607) • Problems-drought, Indian attacks, famine, disease (typhus, dysentery), own mistakes (chose swampy land for settlement, gentlemen unaccustomed to physical labor) • Why Survive?-Initial help of Powhatan Confederacy (Powhatan thought new arrivals could help defeat neighboring tribes) Expansion due to development of new variety of Tobacco (Captain John Smith and John Rolfe (Pocahontas))-brought financial prosperity to colony • Jamestown’s plantations needed laborers-indentured servants (headright system-any new arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of land-wealthy landowners paid way for laborers) from Europe, slaves from Africa (1619) • Virginia Company fell into Bankruptcy and the charter was revoked in 1624-Virginia came under the control of King James I As England expanded its colonial base in N. America they were also expanded control in the West Indies, By mid 1600s England had secured claim to several West Indies islands (Sugar Plantations-needed African slaves to operate-first use of “slave codes”)

Development of Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia-first English Colony  Jamestown’s plantations needed laborers-indentured servants (headright system-any new arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of land-wealthy landowners paid way for laborers) from Europe, slaves from Africa (1619) Virginia Company fell into Bankruptcy and the charter was revoked in 1624-Virginia came under the control of King James I *Economic Problems- low tobacco prices brought hard times *Political Problems- Sir William Berkeley (royal governor) adopted polices that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf, did little to protect backwoods farmers from Indian attacks Nathaniel Bacon -led rebellion against Berkeley’s government (Bacon’s Rebellion-1676)-conducted series of raids against Indian villages and the governor’s forces (burned the Jamestown settlement), Bacon died of dysentery and Gov. Berkeley suppressed the remnants of the insurrection Lasting Problems •Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers • Colonial resistance to royal control •Labor Shortages-Tobacco plantations required large labor force (indentured servants, slavery)

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND”
The 16th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Protestants One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

Question How did the Puritans attempt to “purify” their religion? What is Puritan thought?

Early English Settlements in New England
Two Groups: Separatists (Pilgrims) and Congregationalists (Puritans)-See Next Slide Puritan Colonies-puritans wanted to purify the Church of England from Catholic influences, viewed as threat to monarch (James I) • Plymouth (Separatists-wanted to organize a completely separate church)-Pilgrims first migrated to Holland (econ hardship, cultural diff)- looked to settle new colony in Americas-Mayflower arrived in Plymouth (1620) Mayflower Compact-established Civil Body Politic and basic legal system-made covenant with God to create new utopia Assisted by Native Americans in adapting to land-1621-First Thanksgiving • Massachusetts Bay-Puritans seeking religious freedom (from King Charles I) granted royal charter to establish Massachusetts Bay Company (1630)-Great Migration brought 15,000 more to the colony Like Pilgrims believed in community, equality and a covenant with God-required them to create “city upon a hill”

Development of New England (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay banished dissidents, formed nucleus of Rhode Island and Connecticut) Rhode Island-Roger Williams (puritan minister) was banished from the Bay Colony-founded settlement of Providence in 1636, 1644-granted charter for Rhode Island Colony  Recognized the rights of Native Americans and paid them for the use of their land  Provided complete religious toleration (Catholics, Quakers, Jews, etc) Connecticut-Reverend Thomas Hooker led group of Boston Puritans to Connecticut River Valley, founded colony of Hartford-1636, Southern Valley John Davenport started New Haven in 1637—1665-granted charter as Connecticut Colony Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)-First written constitution in American history-established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature New Hampshire-hoping to increase royal control, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay Colony in 1679, appointed a royal governor New England Confederation ( )-Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven formed a military alliance to provide protection against threat of Indian attacks, important because it established the precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose  King Philip’s War ( )-Confederation able to defeat united tribes led by Chief of the Wampanoags named Metacom (King Philip)

Question…. Are the Puritans hypocrites???

COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE
New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflicted with the Native Americans over land & religion King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans ending a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating

English Settlement of the Restoration Colonies
 Restoration Colonies (Restoration-period in English history that refers to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell)  Carolinas-land grant to eight nobles as reward in 1663, 1729-two royal colonies formed (North and South Carolina) form the original proprietorship  South Carolina-by the middle of the 18th century the large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves resembled the economies of West Indies  North Carolina-Farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms  New York-Charles II wished to consolidate the crown’s holding and close gap between Chesapeake and New England (Dutch controlled colonies) 1664-King granted his brother-Duke of York the lands formerly controlled by the Dutch (His navy quickly took control), Dutch treated well (freedom to worship and keep culture/language) • Duke of York tried to impose taxation without representation and met strong opposition  New Jersey-James II (Duke of York) gave territory to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (East and West New Jersey), 1702-crown combined two into New Jersey

Settling the “Lower South”

Colonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies. Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies. They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some to New England]. 1707  Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA. PA promised better relations with whites. Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could leave  bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.

American Long Grain Rice
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice The primary export. Rice was still an exotic food in England. Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves. These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria. By 1710  black slaves were a majority in Carolina. American Long Grain Rice

Question Why did slavery begin to replace indentured servitude? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each system?

Crops of the Carolinas: Indigo
In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes. Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

The Emergence of North Carolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members. Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina. Poor farmers with little need for slaves. Religious dissenters. Distinctive traits of North Carolinians Irreligious & hospitable to pirates. Strong spirit of resistance to authority. 1712  NC officially separated from SC.

SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES
Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies were founded in the mid-1600s William Penn led Quakers as they colonized Pennsylvania and Delaware

Question.. Why was Pennsylvania called the “Holy Experiment”?

ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER
Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies King George III

Although New England and the Chesapeake were both settled by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur?

Purpose of Georgia??????

Development of Slavery
By 1450s small/regular slave trade between Africa and Europe was in place Introduction of horse powered sugar increased demand for labor, 1518 Spain granted Portuguese slavers an asiento (license) to bring slaves to America directly from Africa By ,000 enslaved Africans on plantations of Hispaniola/Brazil Movement of Africans across Atlantic to the Americas was longest forced migration in world history (outnumbered Euros 6 to 1 prior to 19th century) Enslavement Process Most enslaved through warfare or “panyaring” (practice of kidnapping) Held on coast in barracoons (open pens) Captains inspect and brand symbol on back of buttocks Voyage on slave ships-The Middle Passage (middle part of Triangular Trade) In ports, sales made by auction or by scramble (price set on men, women, boys, girls then lined up in a corral and buyers scramble to claim slaves)

Question…. Is there a relationship between slavery and prejudice?
Does slavery reinforce prejudice? Does prejudice justify slavery?

Development of N. American Slave Societies
1619-Dutch slave trader exchanged 20 slaves in Va for provisions, but were too expensive Last quarter of 17th century a number of occurrences: Euro immigrants discovered opportunities to establish themselves as free farmers in colonies such as PA Bacon’s Rebellion-attempts by Va governor William Berkely to stop unauthorized military expeditions by Nathaniel Bacon against Susquehannock people of Potomac, Bacon turned aggression against Va gov (1676) and burned Jamestown Collapsed with his death (dysentery) Improvement in living conditions (servants/slaves live longer) Supply increased-Royal African Company inaugurated direct shipments from W. Africa to mainland

The forgotten history of the slave trade
The Netherlands' involvement in the slave trade hardly got a mention during the recent celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). Mindy Ran exposes the reality. The Dutch role in the slave trade is often said to be overlooked or unknown, rather than intentionally ignored. But as the nation toasted the brave sailors, merchants and traders who helped to build The Netherlands' maritime empire during the Golden Age, the forgotten issue of slavery has come back into sharp focus. "It's difficult to generalise, but many Dutch people want to know why the slave trade and slavery is a problem that should concern them;" explains Dr Susan le Gene, head curator of the Tropen Museum in Amsterdam, which deals with the Netherlands's colonial past. "It is a lack of perspective." "Specialist historians have always done research on the subject, but it is only recently become a public debate," explains le Gene. "In schools, when the subject of slavery comes up, the attention is shifted to North America and slave traders described as European." Unlike the US and the UK, there is no national curriculum in the Netherlands. In the past ten years there has been a recommendation to teach the topic of slavery in the Netherlands, but frequently based on the US experience.

Colonist wrote slavery into law
Virginia: 1662-colony officials decree children inherit status of slavery from parents 1667-Baptism does not bring freedom 1669-Death of slave during punishment, not a felony 1705-Virginia Slave Code-model for other colonies "All servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native Country...shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion...shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resist his master...correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction...the master shall be free of all punishment...as if such accident never happened." (from VA Slave Code)

Effects of Slavery The Lower South The Tobacco Colonies
Increase in demand supplied by increased production allowed tobacco plantations to spread across Tidewater (Del, Maryland, Va, NC) The Lower South Most profitable part of SC economy was Indian slave trade (shipped to other colonies) Rice production and Indigo, labor provided by West Indian slaves, connection to Barbados

5x8 card Compare/contrast the northern and southern colonies with respect to Lifestyle Economics

Zeitgeist of Colonial America (17th/18th Centuries)
Mercantilism and the Empire (Old Colonial System) Mercantilism-looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country’s military and political strength-colonies existed to enrich the parent country Acts of Trade and Navigation ( )-implemented a mercantilist policy with a series of acts that established three rules: Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial- built ships (Nav Act of 1651) All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishable, could pass only through ports in England (Staples Act of 1663) Specified or ‘enumerated’ goods from the colonies could be exported to England only (Tobacco) (Enumerated Commodities Act of 1660) Wool Act, Iron Act, Hat Act-goods could not be produced in colonies at all Positive: KEY-Nav Acts were not enforced, New England ship building, Chesapeake tobacco, English military forces protected the colonies Negative: Colonial manufacturing was limited, Chesapeake farmers received low prices for crops, Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods, Zeitgeist: the general beliefs, ideas, and spirit of a time and place 82

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE MERCANTILISM

NAVIGATION ACTS 1651- England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English The colonies were developing a spirit of self-determination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions

Salutary Neglect-Good or Bad, Blessing or Curse
The Economy-half of England’s world trade was with colonies  New England-Farming limited due to geography (most farms small), profited from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum distilling  Middle Colonies-Rich soil attracted farmers (wheat, corn for export), some manufacturing (iron-making), some trading led to growth of Philadelphia and NY  Southern Colonies-farming ranged from small subsistence farms to large plantations, Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), shortage of indentured servants to work large plantations led to increased use of slaves 85

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE
New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people Southern Plantation

Colonial Society in the Eighteenth Century
Population Growth-due to immigration and natural increase caused by high birthrate, abundance of fertile land and dependable food supply European Immigration-English, Germans-settled mainly in farmland west of Philadelphia, Scotch-Irish-emigrated from N. Ireland, French Protestants (Huguenots), Swedes, Dutch Africans or descendents of Africans who had been taken captive, forced in to the holds of European ships, and sold as slaves to southern plantation owners and other colonists-largest single non-English immigrants Structure of Colonial Society General Characteristics: Dominance of English Culture, Self-government, Religious Toleration, No hereditary aristocracy (class system based on economics), Social Mobility The Family-center of economic and social life. Men-most men worked, owned land, participated in politics. Women-had limited legal and political rights, worked with husband and performed household tasks 87

Colonial Society in the Eighteenth Century-Religion/Culture
Religion-majority of colonists were protestant (Presbyterians, Lutherans, Mennonites, Quakers, Anglican Church was established church in VA, Congregational Church was established church in MA and Conn) Why had religious participation diminished in the early 18th Century? Enlightenment, Predestination, Puritan Conversion Experience (Half Way Covenant-1662), Expanding population/territory, improved standard of living (pursuit of wealth), lower class against status quo Halfway Covenant: Allowed non-church members who did not overtly practice sin to be given 50% membership rights, baptism, and church membership, but no vote in church or sacrament voting rights were allowed until later. 88

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE During the 17th century, Africans endured a transatlantic crossing from Africa to the North American Colonies Cruelty characterized the months long journey – 13% died on route

AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURE
Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via music, dance, and storytelling Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns Others were more radical and tried escape & revolt

NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVES
The development of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse economies gradually made the North radically different from the South Philly was the 2nd largest British port Farming differed from the South: smaller, more diverse crops in North LIBERTY BELL

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING
1700s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment began in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING
A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700s Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual

George Whitefield Puritan Minster who used raw emotional sermons to reach all classes of colonists Preached that “good works” and “godly lives” would bring you salvation Forced to give sermons in open areas (revivals) 94

Reasons for The Great Awakening
People felt that religion was dry, dull and distant Preachers felt that people needed to be concerned with inner emotions as opposed to outward religious behavior People in New England can read and interrupt the Bible on their own 95

The Great Awakening 1730-1740 gave colonists a shared national religious experience
96

Outcomes of the Great Awakening
Birth of deep religious convictions in the colonies New churches built to accommodate new members Colleges founded found to train new ministers 97

Outcomes of the Great Awakening
Encouraged ideas of equality and right to challenge authority Birth of charity and charitable organizations 98

18th Century Politics The Dominion of New England (gov named by royal authority, a governor and council would rule without any asssembly)-1686-Sir Edmund Andros attempted to establish its rule-led to resentment (With Glorious Revolution, 1688, Boston staged its own Revolution arresting Andros and council Attempt to reassert royal authority-1696-Navigation Act requires colonial governors to enforce the trade laws, Lords of trade and Plantations replaces Lords of Trade, all colonial officials report to Lords KEY-growth of self-government in colonies Politics-by 1750 the colonies had similar systems of government Structure-eight royal colonies with governors (Lords of Trade, evolution of the Privy Council) appointed by the king, three proprietary colonies (Maryland, Penn, Delaware), and two colonies (Conn, RI) the governor was elected by popular vote Every colony the legislature consisted of two houses-lower house was elected by colonists (House of Burgesses-VA, of Delegates (MA) of Representatives (MA) (voted for or against taxation), upper house rep appointed by king or proprietor Assemblies had two major power-control of purse strings (taxation) and ability to enact legislation and enforce royal edicts Voting-limited to white males only with other restrictions (property) 99

FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Competition in North America led to a war ( ) between old rivals France and England The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

*What does this reveal about the thoughts of the colonists????
1754  Albany Plan of Union *What does this reveal about the thoughts of the colonists???? Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA Albany Congress  failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French. 102

British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials British Methods of Fighting: Indian-style guerilla tactics. March in formation or bayonet charge. Military Organization: Col. militias served under own captains. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: No mil. deference or protocols observed. Drills & tough discipline. Finances: Resistance to rising taxes. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: Casual, non-professionals. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. 103

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY
While the French had early victories, the British led by William Pitt and George Washington eventually defeated the French Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763 Brits claim most of North America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & Canada Native Americans also realized a French loss was a Native American loss WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

North America in 1763 Effects of the War on the British
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on the American Colonials (What about the effect on Native Americans???) 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. 105

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway)

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt. 108

COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND REBELLION
The Proclamation of 1763 sought to halt the westward expansion of the colonist, thus the colonist believed the British government did not care about their needs This was one of many measures passed by the English Parliament that would be strenuously opposed by the American Colonists England’s Parliament and Big Ben

Question How did the outcome of the French & Indian War alter the British attitude toward the colonists? To what extent did the colonists attain self-government prior to 1763?

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
Huge debt from the French-Indian War caused the English Parliament to impose a series of taxes on the colonists The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act were two such taxes Colonists protest

THE SUGAR ACT The Sugar Act (1764) placed duties (taxes) on certain imports that had not been taxed before More importantly, it meant colonists accused of violating the Act were tried in Vice-Admiral Courts rather than Colonial Courts

THE STAMP ACT In March of 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act which imposed a tax on documents and printed items such as wills, newspapers, and cards (a stamp would then be placed on the item) **Why did this antagonize the colonists so much?

RESISTANCE GROWS In May of 1765 Colonists formed a secret resistance group called, Sons of Liberty to protest the laws Merchants agree to boycott British goods until the Acts are repealed

MORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTS
More taxes and acts soon followed: Declaratory Act Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts taxed goods brought into the colonies from Britain – including lead, paint, glass, paper and TEA

TENSION MOUNTS IN MASSACHUSETTS
The atmosphere in Boston was extremely tense The city erupted in bloody clashes and a daring tax protest, all of which pushed the colonists and England closer to war Boston Massacre was in 1770 when a mob taunted British soldiers – 5 colonists were killed BOSTON MASSACRE 1770 BY PAUL REVERE

BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773

BRITS RESPOND TO TEA VANDALS
After 18,000 pounds of tea was dumped by colonists into Boston Harbor, King George III was infuriated Parliament responded by passing the Intolerable Acts; which included the closing of the Harbor, the Quartering Act, Martial law in Boston

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION Colonists start to organize and communicate
First Continental Congress met in 1774 and drew up rights Military preparation began England reacts by ordering troops to seize weapons FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILLY ATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUEL ADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, AND GEORGE WASHINGTON

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD With Paul Revere’s announcement, the Colonists and the British began fighting in April of 1775 The first battle of the American Revolution lasted only 15 minutes, but its impact has lasted for over 200 years

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
May 1775, Colonial leaders met for a Second Continental Congress Some called for Independence, some for reconciliation Finally, the Congress agreed to appoint George Washington as head of the Continental Army Patrick Henry addresses Congress

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL British General Thomas Gage decided on an attack on Breed’s Hill (near Boston) Deadliest battle of war as over 1,000 redcoats and 450 colonists died Battle misnamed Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill would have been more accurate) June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill

OLIVE BRANCH PETITION By July 1775, the Second Continental Congress was readying for war, though still hoping for peace Most delegates deeply loyal to King George III July 8 – Olive Branch Petition sent to King who flatly refused it

HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776
INDEPENDENCE MINDED Public opinion shifted toward Independence (Why?) Why? Enlightenment ideas (John Locke’s Social Contract, and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense) HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress voted unanimously that the American Colonies were free and they adopted the Declaration of Independence The Colonists had declared their independence– they would now have to fight for it JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE – SECTION 2
Colonists divided between Loyalists and Patriots New York City early site of battles Colonial troops retreat, then surprise British troops at Saratoga

Patriots-largest number from NE, served in local militias for short time, African 5,000 fought in both mixed racial forces and all African American units Loyalists (Tories)-almost 60,000 American Tories fought and died with British-tended to be wealthier more conservative than patriots, Native Americans-British promised to limit westward settlement  barely escaped complete disaster, British occupation of NY, Phila and occupation of ports (95% decline in trade), Patriots camped at Valley Forge (winter of ), Continentals (paper money) worthless Turning Point (October, 1777)-Battle of Saratoga-American generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold able to defeat General John Burgoyne in upstate NY News of victory convinced France to join in war against Britain, by Holland and Spain entered the war against the British Victory (1781)-Last major battle fought near Yorktown, VA-Washington’s army forced the surrender of General Charles Cornwallis The War

WINNING THE WAR With French military leader Marquis de Lafayette’s help, Colonial troops became effective fighters May 1780, British troops successfully take Charles Town, S.C. However, it was the last major victory for the British as General Cornwallis finally surrendered at Yorkstown, Va. on October 18, 1781 The Americans victory shocked the world Cornwallis surrenders

TREATY OF PARIS Peace talks began in Paris in 1782
American negotiating team included John Jay, John Adams, and Ben Franklin Treaty signed in September of 1783 and officially recognized the independence of the United States and set boundaries

Treaty of Paris  Treaty of Paris (1783)
Britain would recognize the existence of he US the Mississippi River would be the western boundary of the US Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war  New Government  State Governments-State constitutions had the following in common: •List of basic rights (jury trial, freedom of religion, etc) •Separation of powers-legislative, executive, judicial •Voting-all white males who owned property •Office-holding-property qualification

Question How did the Treaty of Paris affect the relationship between the U.S., France, and Spain? Was the Peace of Paris of 1783 a clear acknowledgement of American independence, or was Britain simply writing off a poor military investment?

Question…. How did the American Revolution affect women and Native Americans?

EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

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EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

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