1. Chapter 4 First Age of Empires
1570 BC – 200 BC

2. I. The Egyptians and Nubians
A. Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt
Hyksos ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 BC
Had chariots
1. Hebrews Migrate to Egypt
Arrived around 1650 BC

3. 2. Expulsion and Slavery By 1600 BC, the Egyptians grew strong
Under Queen Ahhotep and Pharaoh Kamos
Drove the Hyksos out and enslaved the Hebrews

4. B. The New Kingdom in EgyptBC
Built an empire: control of several peoples or states under one ruler
1. Hatshepsut's Prosperous Rule
She began ruling in 1472 BC
Encouraged trade instead of war
Her fleet started trade w/ Punt (Somalia)

5. 2. Thutmose the Empire Builder
Stepson, who may have murdered Hatshepsut
Thutmose III armies took Syria and northern part of the Euphrates
Pushed into Nubia
Conquered an empire
Grow rich, no longer isolated

6. B. The New Kingdom cont. 3. The Egyptians and the Hittites
Conflict erupted over Syria and Palestine
Armies clashed at Kadesh in 1285 BC
Ramses II and their king signed a treaty
The two empires became allies

7. 4. An Age of Builders Hidden tombs in desert cliffs
Valley of the Kings near Thebes
Ramses commissioned monumental statues and temples
Ramses’ tomb was found in 1995 with 50 of his 52 sons buried with him

8. C. The Empire Declines 1. Invasions by Land and Sea
1208 BC, Mediterranean sea raiders weakened the area
Also faced Palestinian revolts and Libyan invaders

9. 2. Egypt’s Empire Fades
It never recovered its previous power or prestige
Libyans ruled from 950 to 730 BC
Adopted Egyptian culture
The Nubians later do the same thing

10. D. The Kushites Conquer the Nile
Egypt dominated Nubia and Kush for centuries
The region emerged during the Hyksos reign
Conquered Egypt
1. The People of Nubia
People overcame the cataracts to trade on the Nile
Linked the Mediterranean world to Africa

11. 2. The Interaction of Nubia and Egypt
Forced rule on Nubia during the New Kingdom
Heavily influenced Nubia
Nubian princes lived in Egypt and adopted their culture
Regained independence around 1200 BC

12. D. The Kushites cont. 3. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne
751 BC, Piankhi overthrew the Libyan pharaoh
United the entire Nile River valley
Started the 25th dynasty of Egypt
Erected a monument in Kush to celebrate
The Assyrians conquered Egypt in 671 BC, ending the dynasty

14. E. The Golden Age of Meroë
The Kushite royal family moved to Meroë
1. The Wealth of Kush
Traded with Africa, India, and Arabia
Plentiful rainfall and iron supplies

15. 2. The Decline of Meroë Declined around 250 to 150 BC
Another city, Aksum, dominated their trade

16. II. The Assyrians A. A Mighty Military Machine
Learned to fight while defending their land
Most feared and hated empire in the region
Foot soldiers, chariots, iron weapons, cavalry

17. 1. Military Organization and Conquest
Treated People poorly
Burned cities, tortured and killed captives, heavy taxes
Deported entire populations
One king, Sennacherib, claimed to destroy 89 cities and 820 villages
1. Military Organization and Conquest
Nineveh the capital
Start conquering 900 BC
Well equipped with iron weapons
Tiglath-pileser and Ashurbanipal led campaigns

18. The Assyrians Cont. B. The Empire Expands
Conquered Syria, Palestine, Babylonia, Anatolia, and Egypt
1. Assyrian Rule
Peaked around 650 BC
Royal Roads
Divided empire into provinces w/ local rulers

19. Crushed revolts quickly
Left markers so others wouldn’t revolt
Destroyed cities and exiled the people in places who refused to pay tribute
Burned cities, hung skin on walls, piled skulls
Never found a niche for making money, only knew conquering and pillaging
Nineveh did have a huge library

20. C. The Empire Crumbles
A universal hatred of Assyria led to an alliance conquering Nineveh in 612 BC
The army of Medes, Chaldeans, and others burned and leveled the city
2. Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans
Started a revival for Babylon
Built into a monumental city

21. Reached its height under King Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562)
Extended the empire
Deported the Jews
Built the Hanging Gardens
Loved astronomy and maps
Poor harvest and slow trade hurt them

22. III. The Persians A. The Rise of Persia 1. Cyrus Founds an Empire
Modern day Iran
1. Cyrus Founds an Empire
Conquered the Medes in the 540s
Swept down from the mountains of Iran in 539 BC
Cyrus II conquered Babylon

23. Allowed the Jews to return to their homeland in 538 BC
Eventually took over Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, Phoenicia, Lydia, and Greek city-states of Asia Minor (Ionia)
Tolerant to others cultures
Allowed to retain their own language, religions, and customs
Killed in battle on the eastern border

24. B. Persian Rule 1. Cambyses and Darius Conquered Egypt in 525 BC
Ruled harshly, unlike his father
Died eight years later, revolts erupted

25. Darius seized the throne with the help of the Ten Thousand Immortals in 522 BC
Spent the next three years putting down revolts
Then began conquering Afghanistan

26. Empire went from the Nile to the Indus River, 3,000 miles with 50 million people

27. B. Persian Rule cont. Divided it into provinces or satraps
2. Provinces and Satraps
Divided it into provinces or satraps
Military officials and tax collectors helped the king
Inspectors were the “eyes and ears” of the king
People only had to pay a tribute
They would crush a rebellion quickly though

28. Brought artisans from the various regions to build Persepolis
Encouraged trade: used coins
The Royal Road stretched 1,677 miles and had stops every 14 miles with food, water, and horses
Messengers could travel it in seven days

29. C. The Persian Legacy Had a strict moral code
1. Zoroaster’s Teachings
Had a strict moral code
Stressed bravery and honesty
Before 500s BC, they worshipped many gods
570 BC, Zoroaster reformed the religion
Talked about a struggle between good and evil

30. 2. Political Order Ahura Mazda: good, Ahriman: Bad
Humans had to choose
Teachings linked to glorifying the kings
Lots of pomp and pageantry
Zoroaster influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: heaven, hell, Last Judgment
2. Political Order
Tolerance and good govt. brought order to the region

31. IV. The Unification of China
A. Confucius and the Social Order
Born Kongfuzi in 551 BC
1. Confucius Urges Harmony
Good govt. and social harmony achieved if people used ethics
Reciprocity
Golden Rule

32. 2. Confucian Ideas About Govt.
Five Relationships
For moral behavior
Learn by example
Stressed filial piety
Family a mini society
After his death, 479 BC, work collected for the book Analects
2. Confucian Ideas About Govt.
Education could transform anyone into a gentleman
Laid the groundwork for bureaucracy
A trained civil service

33. A. Confucius cont. Rejected Confucianism
3. Legalism
Rejected Confucianism
Strict laws and harsh punishments
Hanfeizi
Humans evil by nature
Favored by the Qin
Vanished with their dynasty

34. A. Confucius cont. 4. Taoist Ideas 5. Yin and Yang Harmony w/ nature
Laozi, 500s BC
Could be a Taoists and Confucianists
Govt. vs. individual
5. Yin and Yang
Two opposing forces
Yin: cool, dark, female, submissive
Yang: warm, light, male, aggressive
Need balance

35. B. The Qin Dynasty Local lords revolted against the Zhou
1. A New Emperor
By 221 BC, Qin wiped out the Zhou
Qin Shi Huangdi

36. United the area under a strong, central govt.
Attacked invaders north of the Huang He and pushed as far south as Vietnam
36 Military districts, standardized coins, laws, and writing
Commanded all nobles live in his capital
Uprooted 120,000 families
Forced labor for roads and canals
Legalists murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars to prevent criticism
Burned useless books

38. B. The Qin cont. 2. A Program of Centralization
Built a network of 4,000 miles of roads
Trade boomed
Set standards throughout China for writing, law, currency, and weights and measures

39. 3. Great Wall of China 4. The Fall of the Qin
300,000 troops worked to build the 4,000 mile wall
Keep Mongolians out
Thousands died
4. The Fall of the Qin
Cruel tyrant
210 BC, Qin died, so did the dynasty
Peasants rebelled against the son
By 202 BC, the Han Dynasty replaced the Qin