MAP Reviews:.

MAP Reviews:

Which seems to go along best with your handout?

Canadian Provinces

Gridlines: Longitude/Latitude

Tropic of Cancer = _____ Tropic of Capricorn = ____ Arctic Circle = _______ Antarctic Circle = ______ North Pole = ______ South Pole = ______

ON Your Packet notes: Draw the CARDINAL DIRECTIONS (a “Compass Rose”)

Write INTO notes: “Reading Study Pkts” to turn in at TEST time: *Reading Study Guide *Hand-written notes *Vocab. Terms *ANY thing you want to use at “limited cheat-time!”  MUST turn in when you turn in your test

INTRO: 2 forces now pulling in different directions in HG:
Globalization: Becoming more the same/similar Economic interactions: banks w/ world-wide markets, businesses w/ factories throughout world EX: McD’s everywhere…Same cars…same gas stations…blue jeans thru world; more similar foods thru world, espec. in large cities Diversity: Localization Going “back to cultural roots” Saving culture: lang., relig., customs, more “ethnic” music, etc.

What is “geography? geo = earth graphy = to write 2 ?'s geographers ask: 1) Where? 2) Why? 2 main areas of geogr.: physical & human physical: natural forces…climates, landforms, etc. human: human activities…relig., lang., ways we make a living, cities, etc see    w/in human, 2 main areas: 1) culture 2) economy 1st 1/2 of book = culture info 2nd 1/2 = economy info Primary geographic tool: Maps Main things geographers consider: space---place---regions---scale---connections

Areas of study in Geography:
Geography (Ch. 1: Basic Geog. Info-both areas) 1. Human Geog Physical Geog. a. Cultural b. Economic Geog. Geog.

Ch. 1: Geog.: Nature & perspectives: 5-10
Chapters Topics (AKA “Unit of Human Geogr. % of ?’s Ch. 1: Geog.: Nature & perspectives: Ch Pop. Patterns/Migration Ch/ 4-7 Cultural Patterns (cultural geog.) Ch. 8 Polit. Geog Ch Agric. & rural land use Ch. 9, 11, 14 Indus. + Econ Devel Ch Cities/urban land (services) 13-17

KEY ISSUE 1: Maps & contemporary tools:
I. Maps: science of mapmaking = cartography Map = 2-D or flat-scale model of some of part of the Earth 2 main purposes of maps: a) storing reference info EX: How to get from here to there…or …Where is Zimbabwe?) b) communications tool EX: show migration or spread of disease) A. Early & contemporary mapmaking; -maps = geographers’ most important tool (more than 200 in your book!) earliest maps = Babylonian clay tablets (2300 BCE) -ppl used lots of stuff to make maps: stick, palms, seashells -Greeks: 1st geog. bk. prob. Hecateus (500 BCE)

Aristotle (300's BCE) 1st to show Earth = sphere: b/c …
a) things fall toward common center b) Earth's shadow on Moon = circle in eclipse c) stars change as go N to S Eratosthenes (200's BCE) -1st to use "geography" -accept Earth is a sphere, -calculate Earth's circumference (was close…) -divided Earth into 5 climatic regions Romans: Ptolemy (100's CE) wrote Guide to Geog. (8-vol.) -he established “maps” & ways to make maps that lasted for about 1000 years After Romans, world "became" flat for Europeans -Asians (Chinese & Muslims) kept improving European Age of Explor. & Discovery( 's) Ptolemy was rediscovered by Europeans -ppl needed more accurate maps to protect ships… -G. Mercator (1500's) & others kept improving maps

Maps of the Marshall Islands
Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.

Map Scale: How much does it show?
5 streets? City? Country? Or..Continent? Locally or local scale: large scale; see unique aspects Globally or global scale: small scale; can see similarities Show map scale 3 ways: fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000) Graphic bar scale (see p. 10, fig. 3) written statement (“1 inch equals 1 mi.) -left = distance on map -right = dist. on the Earth **NOTE: large scale = small area small scale = large area; the smaller the scale the less detail is given (see slide)

Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000) NOTE: Large SCALE = small area… Small scale = LARGE AREA

Types of maps & info on maps: physical maps: show landforms of an area
Use colors to show relief—  difference levels in land elevations -green usually = lo elevations -orange or brown = hi elevations Topographical: Presents horizontal & vertical positions of features represented  -shows relief in measurable form. -Uses contour lines (isolines) to show the shape & elevation of an area (shape of the Earth’s surface) -Lines close together indicate steep terrain -Lines far apart indicate flat terrain. EX:?

Types of Maps Political maps: show places divided by states (aka “countries”), cities, counties, etc  -usually show rivers, major lakes, oceans, etc., elevations….capital cities show w/ star Economic maps: type of thematic map that shows natural resources in areas and/or ways that people make a living; legends may show mines, factories, power plants, etc. NOTE: the economy of a country is the way the money is earned, used, spent, controlled, issued, invested, etc.

Thematic Maps: Provides info on a single topic (population, rainfall…)
Using Thematic Maps: shows comparison of statistical data, like population or income -can view facts about places by comparing the patterns of shaded areas or colors on the map. Chloropleth maps (4-H/Ohio .. Afr.savannahs) (Gk.: for “place” + “value or magnitude”): Thematic map w/ areas colored, shaded, dotted, or hatched so have darker/lighter areas in proportion to density of whatever aspect U R are looking -show amt. of some “phenomenon” (some event or thing which occurs) like ratios, %, etc., using these colors

Cartogram: Shows some quantity or value by shape or size of a region
Cartogram here shows GDP (gross domestic product) thru world Cartogram: Shows some quantity or value by shape or size of a region Reference Maps- Tool to view boundaries of census  geographies, cities, counties, cities/towns, urban areas,congressional districts, census tracts, census blocks, & more. Note: some of these terms overlap

Map Projections: Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map; since map is 2-D (flat) showing 3-D info, can distort info -small area maps (Gwd, SC, etc.) = v. little distortion, but if you have a very large area (EX: the entire Earth) gets much more distortion --more area shown, the more the distortion 4 types of distortion: shape distance relative size direction In this book, most = equal-area projections, so most land masses shown as really are; only as get to N & S poles is there much distortion -Why do these not matter as much as the other areas? -but do have interruptions (E & W hemisph. in 2 pieces) & meridians don't converge at poles as do on a globe

Map projections: See Appendices Pp. 503 – 507
Cylindrical, conic, & planar Equal area projections

Land Ordinance of 1785 (sometimes will see 1787): pp
Land Ordinance of 1785 (sometimes will see 1787): pp Township & Range system used to divide western lands of USA Township (TS) = 6 sq. miles per side each TS divided into 36 sections (1 mi x 1 mi.) sections divided into quarter sec.’s which = a typical “homestead” (160 acres) for settlers Used principal meridians (some of the N & S lines) & base lines (some E & W lines) to form squares NEW INFO!!! This system replaced the British “Metes & Bounds” system. See next SLIDE:

British Metes & Bounds Land Survey System
Up to the Revolutionary War (END of 1700’s), land, when parcelled out, & sold or granted, was described by "Metes and Bounds." That system still exists in the following States: NY, Penn., NJ, Del,. Md., VA, N. and S. Carolina, GA, TN, Ky, TX. & the 6 New Engl. states. To describe land w/ "Metes and Bounds:" have a known landmark for a place of beginning, then follow a line according to the compass-needle (or magnetic bearing), or the course of a stream, or track of an old hwy. …Caused confusion & litigation (law suits), b/c landmarks decay & change, & b/c compass-needle can vary & doesn’t always point due North

Township & Range System in the U.S.
Using GRIDS to lay out land areas Principal meridians & east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in NW Mississippi & topographic map of the area

Extra Township/Range =Jeffersonian PLSS Info ADDED Jan. 22, 2015
Township & Range System of land survey is aka Jeffersonian Public Land Survey System (PLSS) …& sometimes ALSO called US Land Survey System ….& Government Rectangular System! It helped gov’t to parcel out (organize) land for sale Then in 1862 (during WHAT war??) Congress passed Homestead Act to GIVE land away… …& even ADVERTIZED free land in Europe to encourage immigrants to come & settle in the US By the 1890’s, immigration greatly increased

Geographers now use 3 types of new technology to enhance maps:
Contemporary Tools for contemporary mapping: Geographers now use 3 types of new technology to enhance maps: Remote sensing GIS GPS a) Remote sensing: satellites orbiting (or other long-distance) give data RE: surface -shows vegetation, ice, weather patterns, etc.; scans like TV camera using pixels -resolution: smallest feature that can be picked up by the camera -some 1 meter across…weather satellites pick up several km across (need lg. area) 24 (? Or is it 14? Video?) satellites constantly circling the earth to collect data!

GIS: geographic info system:
b) GIS: geographic info system: Created by fusing (putting together info) remote sensing info… Hi-performance computer system; processes geographic data In layers: can show 1 layer or several at a time Shows earthquake faults, pop. data, manufacturing, soil types, etc. EX: of use: street map + population map can help ppl decide on bus routes needed (# w/in walking distance of stop), ETC.

Layers of a GIS A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.

c) GPS: Global Positioning System: using map to find way to another location
Can use hand-held or computers in cars - gets signal from 24 (14??) GPS satellites

Key 2: Why each point on Earth is unique: I. Place: Unique location of a feature: Location: the position something occupies on Earth's surface A. Place Names: Toponyms B. Site C. Situation D. Mathematical Location

Toponyms A. place names..aka.. toponyms: name given to a place on Earth Can be named for historical person (Washington, Lincoln, etc.), religion (St. Paul), events (Massacre Lake), economy (Jackpot, Nev.) In USA, Board of Geological Names, part of US Geological Survey, has final say on names Now they mainly gets rid of offensive names AND avoids duplicates Names can come from words put together (see Cincinnati's old name)… Sometimes change w/ change of political forces or influences EX: St. Petersburg  Leningrad St. Petersburg

In Wales: (Welsh) Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch: Means "St. Mary's Church in the hollow of white hazel near a rapid whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio near the red cave." But is no longer the longest town name in the world Thailand has a town whose name has 163 letters: Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayutthayamahadilokphopnop- paratrajathaniburiromudomrajaniwesmahasatharnamornphimarnavatarnsathit- sakkattiyavisanukamprasit.

SITE vs. SITUATION: B) Site: The physical character of a place… -Major site characteristics: climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation --This is important in selecting location for settlements -EX: a hilltop = good defensive site -River ford = good way to communicate w/ others across river -Humans can alter a site: EX: NYC’s Manhattan is 2X as large now as in 1626, which enlarged Manhattan Island a number of times (landfills) C) Situation: location relative to other things: 2 ways 1. compare unfamiliar to familiar… EX: using known landmarks to give directions 2. help us see importance of the situation: EX: Singapore is near China, Indonesia, w/ good transportation waterways, etc .

Site: Lower Manhattan Island
KNOW: Site vs. Situation!! Site of lower  Manhattan Island, NYC There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.

Situation: Singapore Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.

D) Mathematical location: using meridians & parallels
-meridians: aka longitudinal lines -arcs drawn from N to S pole --0º longitude = prime merid.; runs thru Greenwich, England, at Royal Observatory -parallels: circles drawn around Earth, E to W; aka latitude lines…….0º latitude = equator 0º long. & 0º lat. meet at rt. angles & are measured in *degrees ( º ) *minutes ( " ) *seconds ( ' ) N = parallels b/c is N of the equator E = meridians b/c E of prime merid. 180 degrees = Which?? -so Denver, CO, = 39º42"52' N; 104º59"04' W **Where would the following be? 10 N, 5 W; 5 N, 180 Review: Parallels also called what? Meridians also called what?

Telling time from longitude:
Use rotation of Earth (sphere) divided into 360º of longitude -use to calculate time based on 24 hours of rotation 1) time zones: Earth = 24 standard time zones, 1 for each hr of the day (15º of long. = 1 hr.) USA set standard time Nov. 18, 1883 at noon Chicago held out, finally changed… Most of rest of world followed in 1884 (International Meridian Conference in DC) ? -- 2 types of technology that made it more of a necessity? Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): aka Universal Time (UT) standard beginning = prime meridian -if go E from Pr-M, turn clock ahead; if go W, turn back --at International Dateline (180º long.) reverses: if go E (toward USA) turn back 24 hours; if go W (toward China) turn ahead 24 hours Kiribati (1997) changed its side of International Date Line..WHY? WHAT is meant by “standard”?

World Time Zones The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection (see bk)

2) Determining longitude:
Lat.: a natural occurrence Long. is man-made - sun & stars determine Lat. 0º lat. = equator  gets 12 hrs day/night Location of Prime meridian? b/c Britain = most powerful kingdom at when longitude in 1714…& THEY gave a prize John Harrison (1700's) 1st to measure time accurately using longitude ..won prize now worth several million b/c of the Longitude Act of 1714… J. Harrison & model of his “marine chronometer”

World Geographic Grid The world geographic grid consists of
meridians of longitude & parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes thru Greenwich, England.

III. Region: types + regional integration [pkt p 5]
-Reg.: area shares certain characteristic(s) -can be climate, vegetation, religion, crops, industry, language, religion, etc. Regional (aka cultural landscape?) studies approach: -unique social & physical aspects together create regions b/c that area differs from another some way(s) -notice that in some countries, religions & languages not shared can cause problems -so it is a region thing …not a country thing Types of regions: 3 types: formal functional vernacular…

formal region (aka homogeneous or uniform):
ppl of an area share 1 or more characteristic EX: political, cultural (EX: language), econ. activity (certain crop, manufacturing..) or environmental property (climate) -countries, states, etc., are formal regions b/c they share gov'ts & laws Others can be b/c share a prevailing characteristic EX: in "wheat belt", most common crop grown is…? ..but do grow other crops & have other econ. activities **Be careful RE: "regions" b/c can cause us to over-generalize at times if not careful EX: “ Mexico is a ‘Catholic region’…but they do have some Protestants & other groups”

World Climate Regions Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into 5 main climate regions.

Election 2000: Regional Differences: What kind of MAP is this???
Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.

World Political Boundaries (2004) (are FORMAL political Regions)
National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape

Functional region (aka nodal region):
Area organized around a focal point (a center) Characteristic yr looking at is strongest in center of the region …weakens as goes further out EX: The State newspaper…more people in Cola read than anywhere else, but has some readers in Gwd., Anderson, Orangeburg, Myrtle Beach, etc. TV stations are another EX; but technology changing both TV & papers areas Another GREAT example: MARKET REGIONS!! **How are USA today, Wall St. Journal EX’s? …OR Chicago & Atlanta TV ? CNN? TBS? WGN? MTV? BBC???

Formal vs. Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various TV stations are examples of functional regions.

Airline Hub = a Functional Region

3) vernacular region: region people believe
exists b/c of a cultural identity… EX : "The South" : most (but NOT all) share ideas RE: religion, attitudes, history, etc… New England = 1 also A # of factors are often used to Define the South as a vernacular region, each of which ID’s somewhat different boundaries. (Fig. 1-12)

(Now, you might ‘a seen it before, but it is still good!)
Oh,All y’all gonna LOVE this! And I reckon it’s the truth! (Now, you might ‘a seen it before, but it is still good!) The difference between the North & the South - at last, clearly explained The North has Bloomingdale's , the South has Dollar General …& Family Dollar, too! The North has coffee houses, the South has Waffle Houses . The North has dating services, the South has family reunions. The North has switchblade knives; the South has .45's The North has double last names; the South has double first names. The North has Indy car races; The South has stock car races The North has Cream of Wheat , the South has grits. The North has green salads, the South has collard greens. The North has lobsters, the South has crawfish . The North has the rust belt; the South has the Bible Belt .

FOR NORTHERNERS MOVING SOUTH . . ....
 In the South : --If you run your car into a ditch, don't panic. Four men in a four-wheel drive pickup truck with a tow chain will be along shortly Don't try to help them, just stay out of their way. This is what they live for.  Don't be surprised to find movie rentals & bait in the same store. Important note: **Do NOT buy food at this store  Remember, 'Y'all' is singular (?), 'all y'all' is plural, & 'all y'all's' is plural possessive  Get used to hearing 'You ain't from round here, are ya?‘  Save all manner of bacon grease. You will be instructed later on how to use it. Don't be worried at not understanding what ppl are saying. They can't understand you either. The first Southern statement to creep into a transplanted Northerner's vocabulary is the adjective 'big'ol,' truck or 'big'ol' boy. Most Northerners begin their Southern-influenced dialect this way All of them are in denial about it.  The proper pronunciation you learned in school is no longer proper .  Be advised that 'Cause he needed killin..' is a valid defense here. If you hear a Southerner exclaim, 'Hey, y'all watch this!' you should stay out of the way. These are likely to be the last words he'll ever say. If there is the prediction of the slightest chance of even the smallest accumulation of snow, your presence is required at the local grocery store. It doesn't matter whether you need anything or not. You just have to go there.  Do not be surprised to find that 10-year olds own their own shotguns, they are proficient marksmen, & their mammas taught them how to aim.  In the South, we have found that the best way to grow a lush green lawn is to pour gravel on it & call it a driveway. REMEMBER: If you do settle in the South & bear children, don't think they’ll be Southerners. After all, if the cat had kittens in the oven, we ain't callin’ 'em biscuits.

**Spatial association: (p. 23) Use various scales to
compare & make associations (lg scale = __?__ area) EX: Cancer death rates in USA vs. Maryland vs. Baltimore 

Spatial Association: National scale vs. state scale vs. city…vs
Spatial Association: National scale vs. state scale vs. city…vs. neighborhoods (text p. 23…Map top - p.24) Sp. Assoc.: idea that one phenomenon has some relationship or “association” scientifically to the location of other phenomenon …like cancer Regional integration of culture: ( 23) Culture: traditional beliefs, material traits (stuff), & social forms a group of people share (not as in “cultured”…or biology…or art… “cult-”: to care about & to take care of… What Ppl care MOST about: Cultural values: language, religion, & ethnicity Ppl take care of: material wealth, food, shelter, clothing

Festival landscape or festival settings Terms NOT in yr. bk!!
Festival landscape: An area of a city that is commonly used for celebrations, concerts, & any other types of festivals Relates to festival setting: This is generally a “gentrified” area of a city that has been refurbished and has lots of shops, varied restaurants, etc., like Faneuil Hall in Boston…River Front walk in San Antonio… & the Vista in Columbia Does GWD have EITHER area like this? FIND these on this SATURDAY’s Mini-Tour of GWD!! P.S.: Those on TOUR this Sat.: Bring camera or phone to take some GOOD PICS to share of the tour!! (NOT pics of friends so much…but PLACES!! 

Econ Development: Geogr
Econ Development: Geogr. look at HOW ppl gain wealth & how levels & activities (kinds of jobs,etc.) varies *More devel countries (MDC’S=N. Amer., Japan, most of Europe [esp. N & W Eur.] etc. *Less devel countries (LDC's) = E. Asia, S. Asia, Latin Am., SE Asia Econ. activities determine lot of this: LDC's = lots of agric.; MDC's= more manufacturing & service jobs, etc. -political ideas also: representative vs. unrepres. Cultural ecology: geographic study of human + environment relationships [pkt p. 6] 2 big theories about how/why we acquire a certain culture: The big ? = Is it mainly human or physical factors?

Environmental determinism: Humbolt & Ritter theory:
Said environ. determines lot about a culture… EX: N. Eur. healthier than S. Eur. b/c of more temperate climate (less heat = less bacteria, etc.) envir. determ. began 19th century & was very strong in early 20th Possibilism: theory: phys. environ may limit humans, but ppl have the possibility to overcome & adjust to the environment; --can use resources (useful materials) to do this EX: environ: take water & foods that grow naturally & exist but possibil: choose what to grow to suit climate, even if get from another place Culture affects possibilism: --planting grass & mowing cut conifers for furniture --leave conifers b/c of religion --what do we eat? Wealth affects possibilism.: HOW & WHY?

HG's use this human--environ
HG's use this human--environ. to look at global issues: EX: problem: overpopulation Environmental factors = physical processes: climate, vegetation, soil, landforms Environmental determinists say we’ll begin to die till #'s balance But Possibilists: 1) Control #'s ) migrate to new areas 2) use new technol ) devel. better agricul. EX: ? Human factors: impact on environment: Way humans use the land Modern technol. changed ppl/environ. Interaction Now we can modify environ. to better use it: EX’s? But can this cause major problems? EX’s?

PHYSICAL FACTORS: a. climate b. vegetation c. soil d. landforms V. Koppen’s 5 main types of climate regions are determined by latitudes (now…is also 1 more…) What is meant by low, mid-, and high latitudes? Tropical: ( < 23) Hot & wet EX’s? Dry: Little to no rain; few plants or plants adapted to little/no moisture Warm Mid-Latitude: (  40) Cold Mid-latitude: (  60 Polar: ( > ) Vertical: High elevations generally = colder temps. -fewer ppl live in vert. climates w. exceptions of some tropical areas …like Peru, Kenya, etc.

4 main vegetation biomes: (27)
Forest biome: trees dominant; shrubs & grasses may grow below these (N. Amer., Eur., Asia + tropical areas; high precip. Savanna biome: mixture of grasses & trees, so no continuous canopy of trees Grassland biome: few trees, mostly grasses; low precip. Desert biome: patches of plants that can exist on v. little precip.; small #’s of animals

Soil: material on Earth’s surface
Are more than 12,000 types in US - not just dirt– soil contains nutrients for plants Landscape: Earth’s surface features Geomorphology: study of these landforms (geo = earth morph = shape, form) --helps explains distribution of ppl. b/c more live on flatter surfaces… less in high areas (exceptions?!) Topographical maps (“topos”) show water, forests, mtns., valleys, wetlands + cultural features like roads, bldgs, parks, farms, dams --show relief: differ. in elevations betwn. 2 points (see p. 11, fig. 1-4)

Sensitive vs. Not-so-sensitive changes in the environment: Netherlands vs. Florida:
Ppl can change the landscape & can increase “space”, (available land), but we have to be careful… Some solutions bring bigger problems Netherlands: “God made earth…Dutch made the Netherlands”… Dutch were sensitive to envir.; created 6,500 sq. km. of polders (land from draining water out) -now are more careful of amt. they change Global Warming could shrink Netherlands’ space --as ocean levels rise, space in Netherlands will shrink --rise of 8 – 23 inches predicted w/in 100 yrs., which would flood valuable land… (Threats to US lands?)

But…Florida: not sensitive to environ.
Beaches disappearing from people on barrier islands -Everglades: huge areas were drained…Why? Chemical run off flowed into wet areas left polluted by affected waters Where might this chem. run-off come from? -Lakes Kissimmee & Okeechobee affected Some wildlife has been permanently destroyed or #’s shrinking Also: RE: Barrier islands protect that mainland… Now lots of development = erosion & other damage

Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Polders & dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.

Environmental Modification in Florida
Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many negative, unintended side effects.

I. Space: Physical gap (or interval) betwn. 2 objects
Distribution & maps… Historians look at time: when & why Geogr. look at space: where & why Use grids--like checkers—to see how to use areas, or space WHY are people & activities are in a particular space? Action in 1 place can be result of an action in another place Distribution: arrangement of a feature in space 3 types of distribution: density concentration patterns 1) density: how often something occurs in a space 3 main ways to look at density 

a) arithmetic density: total # of something w/in an area: EX: # people per sq. mi.
IMPORTANT to NOTE: hi pop. does not necessarily = hi density hi population density does not necessarily relate to poverty b) physiological density: # of people per sq. unit of agricultural land (“arable land” that is actually being used to grow foods) c) agricultural density: # farmers per unit of farmland (aka agri. land) You will see these terms over & over thru the book! Learn them!!

b) dispersed: these objects are relatively spread apart
Distribution: arrangement of a feature in space--density, concentration, & patterns (continued) 2) concentration: extent of something spread over space (clustered, dispersed) a) clustered: particular objects close together w/in a particular space (relates to agglomerated) b) dispersed: these objects are relatively spread apart **concentration does not = density: density = an average…concent. = how close things are EX: US population hasn't changed density, but has changed concentration somewhat EX-2: baseball teams… see p. 6 Fig. 1-2 pattern: how things are laid out: Grid patterns? Linear? Meandering? Dendritic?

Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density (2000) and concentration (1952).

Density, Concentration, and Pattern
Fig (p. 33): The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape. Which has higher density? Which higher concentrations? What patterns do you see?

GLOBALIZATION: “It’s a small world!”
When something involves or affects the entire world & so has a worldwide scope Very few people now are so isolated that are not affected by globalization….& this means scale of the world is “shrinking” …i.e., ability to interact w/ or affect others worldwide is increasing… Opposite of globalization is “localization”: focus on staying different, unique… “the old ways” “tradition…” EX: not McD’s, but ethnic foods… Global economies = more specialization (?) in an area…EX: Silicon Valley What IS specialization in econ. terms? EX’s?

-a major concern = cost of labor (Asia vs. US?)
Transnational corp. (aka multinational) like to ID best places for activities like production, raw materials, distribution, etc. -a major concern = cost of labor (Asia vs. US?) Globaliz. of culture: “global landscape” is getting more & more the same…i.e., more uniform... --more of the same restaurants, retail stores, & service stations More ppl own same things & wear more & more similar clothing… EX: blue jeans? cars? Even religions have become more global: now are less less “local” or religions “traditional” religions More ppl convert to major religions (EX: Africa) Also… fewer languages….& those languages are more uniform

Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America & Western Europe.

Many worry the “old ways” are in danger of disappearing b/c of globalization
BUT…globalization can actually help encourage diversity w/ technology that allows those who have immigrated to retain contact w/ culture… EX: Latinos in US & Sp. TV stations, Gaelic (Ireland) & Welsh (UK) Now have hundreds of choices in TV, not few as we as b4 Those determined to retain culture as it is can cause wars, prejudice, unrest EX’s ?

Globalization vs. Localization (local diversity)
Uniform landscape *more diverse landscape/ uniqueness more similar clothing *clothing is more unique similar high technology * less technology; more “old methods” less diversity in religions *more diverse religions languages: less diverse *more variations in lang.’s high tech *low tech new, western ways *old ways global economies *local economies; less international trade more specialization in jobs *ppl do more types of things: have other job & buy ready-made weave the cloth, sew family’s clothes clothes more contact w/ other cultures---*communicate only w/ own culture

Connections: Space-time compression: reduced time to get from 1 place to another EX: Europe to USA? (1492 vs. now?) It really IS a small world!! This can = rapid change…have more choices, new things…fashion, cars, VCR’s, DVD’s Spatial Interaction: How a place interacts w/ those at a distance 1800 BCE to 1800 CE: travel time = about the same Since early 1800’s, faster & faster… -communication made it even faster -now ppl know more about what’s going on in distant places EX’s: Tsunami in Indonesia Twin Towers How fast did ppl in rest of world find out about these???

Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

airline “hubs/spokes” system Internet
Networks: chains of communication that connect places & help speed info OR ppl along EX’s: TV networks systems airline “hubs/spokes” system Internet Differentiate: Cultural values vs. Elements of culture ? 3 Elements: V M-A P-I (see bottom next ) 3 Values: L R E

Distance decay Distance decay: the longer the distance bewtn. groups, the less contact is likely (EX: RE: Latino culture: SC vs. Texas) Related term (notes, top p. 14) "friction of distance," which describes the force that creates distance decay and Waldo R. Tobler's First law of geography, an informal statement that "All things are related, but near things are more related than far things."

Airline Route Networks
Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system. (WHAT kind of REGION is this????) Previous slide: Elements: Values, material artifacts (“stuff”), political institutions Values: religion, language, ethnicity

Cultural diversity: ways cultures stick to traditions & are different from other grps.
-also their rules on how families, etc., function Includes factors like…. a) gender (M/F) b) ethnicity (cultural) d) socio-economic c) race (biological) e) hetero- or homosexual Important to geogr. b/c varied cultures affect Earth in variety of ways Diffusion: something spreading from 1 place to another B/c of communication technology, new ideas in 1 place diffuse quickly to others Innovation: a new (& usually better) way of doing something Cultural Diffusion: spreading of cultural innovations & ideas (Cultural) Hearth: Place (area) an innovation starts & spreads (diffuses) from

Types of diffusion: 2 main kinds:
A. relocation diffusion: people physically move from 1 place to another & take idea w/ them & it spreads into the new area (EX: US migration…Mexican restaurants) AIDS’s spread in the 80’s is an EX: b/c people in NY, FLA, CA, infect others who spread to others…& so on… (possibly …. airline attendant??) *What about AIDS? Migrant diffusion: variation of relocation diffus. relates to distance decay (aka time/distance decay): greater the distance, less likely to be adopted &/or less influence it tends to have B. expansion diffusion: occurs rapidly; also occurs more now than in the past b/c of , FAX, computers, etc Are 3 types of expansion diffusion 

3 types of expansion diffusion:
1) hierarchical diffusion: from “top” down…spread from authority…or the largest…or those in power EX: Can be like hip-hop or rap from larger urban areas to smaller places… --Or England, which took over lots, to other & brought different culture & lang. 2) contagious : rapid, widespread acceptance of something new through pop. *Be careful of thinking “contagious” = disease! NO! EX: at 1st AIDS #’s rose…..then dropped w/ contagious dif. of info. RE: prevention methods & medicines 3) stimulus diffus.: spread an underlying principle though characteristic itself doesn’t fly well (EX: “mouse” innovations by Apple spread, but Apple itself didn’t catch on that much; also Beta vs. VHS) Can you figure out WHY McDonald’s is sometimes used as an EX: of stimulus diffusion??? But could it also be hierarchical?

AIDS Diffusion in the U.S. 1981–2001
New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in They spread thru the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s. Diffusion type?

3 major world cities: NY, London, Tokyo
These 3 act as “world command centers” for other areas w/ cheaper labor WHY is global COMMUNICATION the single most important force in allowing in allowing these financial giants to be as big as they are? BIG money stays in/around these 3 Other areas not devel. some…but not as well… ….& so world has uneven development…  Although some places are gaining in devel. levels, overall the gap is getting bigger…NOT shrinking

Diffusion of Culture & Economy:
Today almost everything—raw materials, goods, services, capital—diffuse from “node” of origin (NOTE: Can you…Define/explain ALL these terms? ) EX: jobs in Detroit are dependent on things that happen in Japan, India, etc. Global culture & econ. center on 3 core (hearth) regions: N. Amer., W. Eur., & Japan: These 3 types of expan. diffusion have 3 considerations… -Technology to develop… -Capital (investment $$) to build -$$ to buy stuff

These terms go along w/ cultural diffusion
Additional Terms & review for Ch 1: Reading from Getis: (-+ p245) These terms go along w/ cultural diffusion Acculturation: When a stronger culture & weaker culture make contact, the stronger culture tends to dominate. EX: baseball & Japan/USA? In USA Lat.Amer. using English Sequent occupance: One culture occupies a space...then another moves in or takes over...then another comes in --so a sequence of differing cultures come to a place and add aspects of their culture to the general culture. EX: Celtic culture in Britain…Romans came in…then left….then Germanic groups came (Angles/Saxons/Jutes.. + Scandinavian Vikings) then French Normans (why this is significant? year?) Amalgamation theory: “melting pot” & all blend together In USA, Germans,French,Brits,Chinese,Russians,Polish all = Americans! Assimilation: When a culture is completely blended into another, more dominant culture EX’s: Aztecs/Spain? Brazil/Yano.? Cherokee/Brits

Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis: (Paul S. Martin, U. of AZ)
(READ together & make 3-4 bullet notes! Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis: (Paul S. Martin, U. of AZ) "Overkill" = "the human destruction of native animals -either over 1000’s of yrs, or suddenly in a few hundred yrs -more & more sudden extinctions on continents humans invaded & where they had not developed their hunting skills. N. America, S. America, & Australia (invaded by humans) all experienced large extinctions But.. Africa & Eurasia, where humans evolved their hunting techniques, fewer extinctions occurred. -Large mammals that became extinct in N. Amer. were native to that continent but the mammals still existing (moose?) migrated into N. Amer from Asia along w/ the human colonizers. -suggests these mammals that had migrated into N. Amer. had some advantage over the native mammals -may have = an increased ability to avoid the human predators -Native mammals didn’t coexist long enough w/ humans to develop an evasive mechanisms to escape from hunters EX: extinction of the dodo bird in the Americas

REVIEW: Answers CH. 1: 1. toponym (or place name); site; situation; mathematical 2. situation 3. density concentration 5. map; 2,000; Earth 6. bar line (or graphic scale) 7. environmental determinism; possibilism 8. uniform; functional; vernacular; functional 9. meridians (or lines of longitude); parallels (or lines of latitude) 10. {D,B} 11. True True 12. True True 13. False True 14. False True 15. True False 16. False True 17. True True (hierarchical which = expan. 25. True

ID these places on your map…
Map 1: Colombia Brazil Cuba Baja Peninsula Panama Domin. Republic Slave Coast Horn of Africa Arabian Peninsula Red Sea Mediterranean Sea North Sea Ireland Germany British Isles India Caspian Sea Greece Balkan Mtns. Italy France Iberian Pen. Pakistan Indonesia United Arab Emir. Scandinavian Pen. Vietnam Philippines Korean Pen. China Thailand Siberia Mayla Pen Arabian Sea Sri Lanka Turkey Bangladesh

Maps: Find the following: India Saudi Arabia Koreas Sri Lanka Iran/Iraq Japan Taiwan Laos/Cambodia/Vietnam Thailand

Name: *All the bodies of water (have dots) *All visible countries
(aka states)

Border of Europe & Asia (Eurasian Border)

Types of maps… What type is each??

I. Which of these below is/are true?
a. every meridian is the same length and has the same beginning and end b. every parallel begins and ends at the poles c. every meridian is actually a circle rather than a line d. every parallel is the same length II. The hulk of a ship lies on the ocean floor at 41ø46'N and 50ø14'W. These coordinates tell us that the ship is located in the a. Atlantic Ocean b. Indian Ocean c. North Sea d. Pacific Ocean III. A business executive calls from New York (which is located at 75øW) at 6 P.M. on Tuesday to Sydney, Australia (which is located at 150øE). What time is it in Sydney? a. 9 A.M. Tuesday b. 9 P.M. Tuesday c. 9 A.M. Wednesday d. 9 P.M. Wednesday

Concentration + density Spatial distribution & Land ord. of 1785
IV. a. regional analysis c. spatial association b. spatial analysis d. spatial distribution --The concept that the distribution of one phenomenon is scientifically related to the location of other phenomena is --The arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth's surface is V. a. concentration c. distribution b. density d. pattern --The frequency (#) of something within a given unit of area is --The spread of something over a given study area is Review: Concentration + density Spatial distribution & Land ord. of 1785

Review: I ALL except C II A III C IV C.....D V B...A

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