1. Slides by Jill Nicholson
Job Design
Slides by Jill Nicholson

2. Overview What is Job Design? Elements of Job Design
Five Core Job Characteristics
Approaches to Job Design
Tools of Job Design
Current Trends
Summary

3. What is Job Design?
The organization of activities to create the optimum level of performance.

4. Elements of Job Design Task Analysis Worker Analysis
Environmental Analysis

5. Task Analysis Determines What tasks will be done
How each task will be done
How the tasks fit together to form a job

6. Worker Analysis Determines Capabilities the worker must possess
Responsibilities the worker will have

7. Environmental Analysis
Used to analyze physical environment including:
Location
Lighting
Temperature
Noise
Ventilation

8. Five Core Job Characteristics
Skill Variety
Task Identity
Task Significance
Autonomy
Job Feedback
Skill Variety: Requirements for a variety of personal competencies to do the job.
Task Identity: Doing a task from beginning to end with a visible outcome.
Task Significance: Perceptions of the job having a significant impact on others’ lives
Autonomy: Extent of empowerment and freedom of employees
Job Feedback: Provision of direct and clear performance information as a result of doing the job which increases performance awareness

9. Approaches to Job Design
Scientific Management
Behavioral Approach
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment
Job Rotation
Social Technical System
Scientific Management involves breaking down jobs into elemental activities and simplifying job design. Encourages specialization and mass production. Tries to reduce decision making by workers.
Job Enlargement expands the number of tasks being performed, often combining a series of tasks previously performed by two or more employees. Horizontal enlargement.
Job Enrichment tries to improve task efficiency and satisfaction by adding more challenging and responsible work so the employee feels a greater sense of achievement. Also provide an opportunity for individual advancement and growth. Vertical enlargement.
Job Rotation increases task variety by systematically moving an employee from one job to another.
Sociotechnical Approach aims to design a job that is satisfying to both the technical system and the accompanying social system.

10. Scientific Management
Advantages of specialization
Simplifies training
High Productivity
Low wage costs
Disadvantages of specialization
Difficult to motivate quality
Worker dissatisfaction

11. Job Enlargement Advantages Disadvantages Increase scope No challenge
Example of increase scope sort & deliver
No Challenge: 1 bad job or disliked job becomes 3 bad jobs.

12. Job Enrichment
Advantages
Lower Staff turnover
Less absenteeism

13. Job Rotation Advantages Reduces Boredom Broadens experiences
Gives broad understanding

14. Job Rotation continued
Disadvantages
Increased training costs
Reduced productivity
Demotivates specialists

15. Social Technical System
Job should be reasonably demanding
Employee should be able to continue learning on the job
Employees need recognition in work place
Employees need to relate what they produce to their social life

16. Tools of Job Design Process Flowchart Motion Study Work measurement
Stopwatch time study
Standard elemental times
Work Sampling
Learning Curve
Process Flowchart: A chart using special symbols that documents the steps of a job including wait time and work time.
Motion Study: Used to select the sequence of motions that is the most efficient sequence for the task.
Work Measurement:
Stopwatch time study: Use stopwatch to study a worker doing a job and then set a standard time using the results.
Standard elemental times: Use accumulated data to determine standard time for a job with a built in allowance for unavoidable delays in work.
Work Sampling: Estimates the amount of time an employee or machine spends on various activities
Learning Curve: Is a graph that illustrates the rate of improvement of workers as they repeat a job

17. Process Flow Chart Exercise
Divide into groups of 3 or 4
Make a flow chart for the following process

18. Process Flow Chart Exercise
QuickCopy Store does copying jobs for walk-in customers. When a customer comes in with a copy job, a desk operator fills out a work order (name, number of copies, quality of paper, and so on) and places it in a box. An operator subsequently picks up the job, makes the copies, and returns the completed job to the cashier, where the job transaction is completed. (Russell and Taylor, Operations Management)

19. Answer

20. Current Trends in Job Design
Flextime
Compressed Workweek
Job Sharing
Telecommuting
Flextime: Employees must work a set of core hours but can choose when to work flextime by coming in early or staying late
Compressed Workweek: Standard 40-hour, five day workweek is compressed. Most popular form is four ten-hour days.
Job Sharing: Two or more employees share and divide responsibilities
Telecommuting: Employee works at home office or away form the office via personal computer, cell phone, and/or fax

21. Summary
Job design can help your firm find the most efficient way to operate
Job design can improve the quality of work life and satisfaction for your employees.
This leads to a smoother running, more profitable business

22. Bibliography
Russell, Roberta S. and Bernard W. Taylor. Operations Management. Prentice Hall, Inc., 2000.
Chapter 6-Job Design. Internet /7/2001
Job Design and Motivation. Internet 12/4/1998

23. Bibliography continued
Job Design and Work Arrangements. Internet.