1. ANCIENT GREECE

2. Ancient Greece 2000 B.C. – 300 B.C. Chapter 5 Section 1
Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas

3. Geography Shapes Greek Life
Three geographic features that shaped Greek life:
1. The Sea
2. The Land
3. The Climate

4. The Sea Three seas surround Greece: 1. Ionian 2. Aegean
3. Mediterranean

5. How did living close to the sea impact Greek life?
A lot of people were fishermen.
A lot of people traveled by Sea.
Sea Travel:
- Linked parts of Greece together.
- Connected Greece to other
societies.
- made trade easier.

6. The Land Mountains covered ¾ of Greece.
Only ¼ of Greece was arable or suitable for agriculture.

7. Land of Rugged Mountains
Mountainous Terrain has an effect on politics and population:
- Small independent communities
develop within each valley and its
surrounding mountains.
- uneven terrain made land travel
difficult.
- land was stony, so only small parts were
suitable for farming

8. The Climate Greece’s climate is mild, with moderate temperatures.
Men spent time outdoors, where they met to discuss politics.
-this shaped Greek political life.

9. Minoan Civilization
Remember the island in the Mediterranean Sea – Crete. King Minos and The Minotaur.
Came in contact with the Mycenaeans after 1500 BC.

10. Minoan Civilization Achievements: Palace at Knossos
They had highly developed art. Beautiful frescos.
Written language
Craftsmen and traders.

11. Mycenaeans
Indo –Europeans settled in Southern Mountains of the Peninsula.
Dominated by strong warrior kings from 1600 BC to 1100 BC.
Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan language into Greek, and Minoan culture influenced art, religion, politics, and literature.
The Lion’s Gate

12. Homer wrote the legend of the Trojan War
Homer a legendary Greek poet lived around 750 to 700 BC.
Legendary Greek poet
credited for writing the Iliad ( the story of The Trojan War) and the Odyssey. These stories represent much of Greek mythology.
The Trojan War was one of the last Mycenaean battles.
The Trojan war took place around 1200 BC, it lasted 10 yrs.
Mysteries_Surrounding_the_Trojan_War.wmv

13. Troy – Real or Fiction?
For thousands of years Troy was a legend. However, using clues from the Iliad, an amateur archaeologist named Heinrich Schliemann discovered the location of Troy at Hisarlik, Turkey in 1871.

14. Troy, archeological ruins of two small walls.
The Nine Cities of Troy
Troy, archeological ruins of two small walls.
In total, there were nine cities built at the location of Troy, each on top of the other.
The sixth city is the most grand and resembles the Troy in Homer’s Iliad, but it was destroyed by an earthquake, not by war, in 1250 BCE.
The seventh layer of the city appears to be the legendary Troy and has been dated to 1180 BCE.
Its towers and walls can still be seen in the ruins and there are arrowheads lying in the streets.

15. The Dorians BC to 750 BC
The Mycenaean city-states became weak from constant warfare. In 1150 BC, the Dorians from southwestern Macedonia, invaded the Mycenaean city-states. Around 1100 BC Mycenaean civilization collapsed.

16. The Greek Dark Ages
The Dorian period represented a decline in Greek culture.
Population declines.
Great civilizations lose contact with each other.
Economy and Trade disappeared.
Lack of History indicated no form of writing.
Stories told through the spoken word.
Homer creates the Iliad and the Odyssey around 750 to 700 BC.
Greeks create Myths which are traditional stories about gods and goddesses used to explain nature & natural events.

17. The Greek Pantheon of Gods
Mt. Olympus
The summit of Mt. Olympus
There are many gods in Greek mythology. The Greeks believed that the gods lived on Mount Olympus.

18. The Greek Gods of Olympus
Zeus: king of the gods, god of sky and thunder.
Hera: wife and sister of Zeus and goddess of marriage.
Poseidon: god of the sea.
Ares: god of war.
Hermes, the messenger of the gods, was also the god of orators, literature and poets.
Hephaestus: god of blacksmiths, craftsmen and artisans.
Aphrodite: goddess of love.
Athena: goddess of wisdom, strategy, and war.
Apollo: god of the sun.
Artemis: goddess of the moon and hunting.
Hestia: goddess of the hearth and the family.
Demeter: goddess of agriculture.
Dionysus: god of wine, civilization and peace.
Hades: god of the underworld.
Persephone: goddess of the underworld.

19. Let’s Review:
1. Why did the population in most city-states stay relatively small?
The lack of arable (farmable) land.
2. Why did Greece not unite under one government? Why were there many small local governments?
Because the mountains divided Greece into different regions and the terrain made land transportation difficult. The people identified more with the people in their local region.
What 3 geographic factors help shape Greek life?
1. The Sea
2. The Land
3. The Climate

20. Warm up:
Greek communities thought of themselves as individual countries even though they all had the same language and heritage. How do you think the geography of Greece contributed to this idea? Answer on your own paper.

21. Section 5.2 Warring City-States
The period generally known as Ancient Greece began around the first Olympic games in 776 BCE.
It marks the end of the Greek Dark Ages.
This is the time of the great Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta.
It is also known as the Archaic Period.

22. Rule and Order in the City-States
*Remember, a city-state is a city and it’s surrounding lands controlled by a strong government---- the Greeks did not unite into an empire- but a league of loosely united city-states
Greek city-states, called polis, developed self-rule.
The English word "politics" comes from the Greek polis.
Most city-states, or polis, controlled between:
-50 to 500 miles
-less than 10,000 residents
-Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) or the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss city government.

23. The Acropolis in Athens

24. The Acropolis in Athens Today

25. Each city state was unique
All of the city-states spoke Greek.
Each city-state developed a unique culture and system of government.
The city-states were also made up of different groups of people, such as the Dorian, Ionian, Mycenaean, and Achaean people.

26. City-state government
Greek city-states had many forms of governments:
Monarchy or government ruled by a king.
Aristocracy or a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families.
Oligarchy or a government ruled by a few powerful people. They were usually wealthy merchants and artisans who were dissatisfied with aristocratic rule.
Sometimes the citizens revolted. They would be led by a "tyrant." In ancient Greece, the word had a different meaning than today. A tyrant was anyone who overturned the established government of a city-state.

27. Question:
What is the difference between a tyrant today and the tyrants of ancient Greece?
Today tyrants are considered harsh and cruel. Tyrants of ancient Greece gained the support of the common people by setting up building programs and agreeing to provide jobs to their supporters.

28. Athenian Democracy Democracy means "rule by the demos” (people).
In some city states of Ancient Greece every citizen could participate directly in every decision.
Only free men who had never committed a murder were citizens.
Slaves, foreigners, and women were not allowed to participate in the democratic government.

29. 1st step toward democracy:
Draconian Law 621 BC
1st step toward democracy:
The ancient Athenian court system had two legal codes, the Draconian and the Solonian Codes of Law.
Draconian law was named after Dracon, a lawgiver.
Under law code all citizens were equal, rich and poor.
The punishment for all offenses was death.
No matter how small the crime, Dracon believed a person who broke the law should die.
Today we call cruel and harsh laws Draconian.
DRACON

30. 2nd step toward Democracy Solon reforms the government of Athens
594 BC
Outlawed debt slavery.
Organized 4 social classes.
Only top 3 classes could hold political office, but all could participate in Athenian assembly.
Abolished Draconian laws except when dealing with murder.
Any citizen could bring charges against a wrongdoer.
Solon on the Nebraska State
Capital Building

31. 3rd step toward Democracy Cleisthenes – 500 BC
Broke the power of nobility by dividing citizens into 10 groups based on where they lived not wealth.
Increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws.
Created the Council of Five Hundred (this body proposed laws and counseled the Assembly – members were chosen at random.)

32. Review: Forms of Government
Monarchy – a single person, KING, ruled the government.
Aristocracy – ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families.
Oligarchy – ruled by a few powerful people (a new class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied with nobles took over power)
Democracy – rule by the people, directly or through representatives.
Direct Democracy – a government ruled by the people directly rather than through representatives.
Tyrants – powerful leaders who gained support of common people after agreeing to set up building programs and provide jobs for their supporters.

33. Question: In Athens what was citizenship based on?
Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were considered citizens.
* Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights.

34. Sparta Builds a Military State
In 725 BC Sparta conquers Messenia.
Turns Messenians into helots – peasants forced to stay on land & give the Spartans half their crop.
The Messenians revolt.
Spartans just barely put down revolt.
Shocked – they dedicate Sparta to becoming a strong military state.

35. Sparta’s Military Operations
All men served in the army until age 60.
Boys took from home at 7 and lived until the age of 30 in military barracks – where they trained daily.
Girls received some military training – so they could have healthy male babies.
All put Service to Sparta above everything else.
-Iron weapons affordable to all
-New army of foot soldiers – hoplites.
-Formation called phalanx – the most
feared force in the ancient world
-assisted Greeks in the Persian Wars.

36. Persian Wars 490 to 479 BC
In the 5th century BCE, the Persian Empire, the largest known at the time, attempted to conquer Greece.
The battles, called the Persian War.
The invasion by Persia united Spartans, Athenians, and all Greeks to fight against Persia.

37. Plan of Thermopylae, 480 BCE
Persia forms a force of 100,000 to crush Athens.
7,000 Greeks & 300 Spartans block the Persians way at a mountain Pass at Thermopylae.
The Greeks stop the Persians for 3 days.
A traitor ended their brave stand
The Spartans held the Persians back while other Greek forces retreated.
All 300 Spartans were killed.
The Phalanx

38. Peloponnesian War Sparta vs. Athens – 431 BC
Athens grew wealthy & powerful, this angered Sparta.
Sparta had stronger army. Athens stronger navy.
Athens weakened (during 2nd year because of plague)
421 BC signed truce.
415 BC Athens attacks Sicily (an ally of Sparta) In 413 BC Athens experiences a crushing defeat.
404 BC Athens and their allies surrender to Sparta.
Video Athens vs. Sparta

39. QUESTIONS EACH GROUP MUST CONSIDER:
As a group you must decide a dispute, basing your decision
on what form of government you receive , either a monarchy,
aristocracy, oligarchy, or direct democracy.
DISPUTE:
The dispute is between a wealthy landowner named, Philipus, and
one of his poorer neighbors Emaeus. Emaeus claims the landowner
wants to take part of his land to increase the nobleman’s own
estate. Philipus says his expenses have increased and he needs
the additional land.
QUESTIONS EACH GROUP MUST CONSIDER:
Who in each group has the power to make a decision and what
is the basis of that power?
Which side in the dispute is their form of government likely to
favor and why?
What is their judgment likely to be?
Each group will explain their decision basing that decision on facts about
their form of government. The other students will be filling out their Unit
Study Guide Sec. 5.2 , the graphic organizer on different governments.

40. Warm up:
The word democracy comes from the Greek word demos, which means “people,” and kratein, which means “to rule.” Why do you think the term democracy is an appropriate name for our system of government?
Write your answer on your own paper.

41. Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age – 477 to 431 BC
Chapter 5 Section 3

42. Pericles was born in Athens in 495 BCE to a noble family.
The Age of Pericles, BC
Pericles was born in Athens in 495 BCE to a noble family.
Pericles had 3 goals:
To strengthen Athenian Democracy
To hold and strengthen the empire
To glorify Athens.
video
Pericles built the Acropolis, including the Parthenon during
his time.

43. Pericles’ Plan
To strengthen democracy Pericles increased the number of paid public officials – so all citizens – even poor could afford to serve if elected.
Direct Democracy where citizens rule directly not by elected officials was an important legacy of Periclean Athens.

44. Question: Is the US a Direct Democracy?
No, we are a representative democracy.

45. Art and Architecture
Parthenon – temple built to honor Athena (goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens)

46. Greek Sculpture – Classical Art (harmony, order, balance & proportion)
Sculptors aim to create figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed.
Faces show only serenity.
Tried to capture human body in motion.
Portray ideal beauty, not realism.

47. Drama Two kinds of drama:
1. Tragedy – serious drama about love, hate, war, or betrayal.
2. Comedy – filled with slapstick situations and crude humor – usually made fun of politics and respected people.

48. Greek Philosophy – 3 major Greek philosophers was Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Socrates BC
Encouraged students to examine beliefs.
Absolute truth and justice do not exist.
Question & answer approach to teaching –called Socratic Method.
At 70, he is brought to trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens” & “neglecting the Gods.”
Condemned to death. He dies by drinking Hemlock, a poison.
Socrates video

49. Plato – 427 to 347 BC Student of Socrates
Wrote down the conversations of Socrates.
Most famous work “The Republic” – his vision of a perfectly formed society.
Perfect society was not a democracy.
Believed in 3 groups of people – farmers & artisans, warriors, and the ruling class.
Person with greatest insight & intellect from the ruling class would be crowned philosopher-king.
Founded a school called “The Academy”, lasted for 900 years.

50. Aristotle-384 to 322 BC Student of Plato.
Questioned the nature of the world & of human belief, thought, & knowledge.
Invented rules of arguing that form the basis of the Scientific Method.
His most famous pupil was Alexander the Great.

51. Review: What were Pericles’ goals for Athens?
1. strengthen Athenian democracy
2. hold & strengthen the empire
3. glorify Athens.
What is a direct democracy?
Where citizens rule directly, not by elected
officials.
What is Socrates question and answer method called?
The Socratic Method
Did Plato believe that a democratic society was ideal?
No, he thought the ruler should be a philosopher- king.
What method of arguing did Aristotle invent?
Scientific Method.

52. Warm up:
Socrates taught his followers by asking them questions rather than lecturing to them. Do you think asking questions might be a better way to teach than lecturing? Why or why not?
Answer on your own paper.

53. Alexander’s Empire Chapter 5 Section 4: Alexander’s Empire
Section 5: Spread of Hellenistic Culture

54. * What they did have was shrewd & fearless kings.
KINGDOM OF MACEDONIA
Reminder: The Greek city-states were weakened by the
Peloponnesian War.
Macedonia located just north of Greece – rough terrain & cold
Macedonians were hardy people they lived in villages, not
city-states.
Macedonians thought of themselves as Greek.
Greeks thought of them as uncivilized b/c they had no
philosophers, sculptors, or writers.
* What they did have was shrewd & fearless kings.

55. Phillip II King at 23 years old
Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
Turned the peasants into a strong professional army
- Phalanxes to break through enemy lines.
- Fast moving calvary to crush opponents.

56. The sarissa and the Macedonian Phalanx
The Phalanx was the primary fighting unit of all large armies. Philip designed and trained his troops with the sarissa, a six meter (18 foot) spear with a double pointed pike. The length of the sarissa kept away hoplites who used shorter weapons. This allowed the Macedonian army to dominate Greece under Philip.

57. Phillip’s Plans Attacked & easily defeated the Greeks
- City-states could not agree on anything
-Athens and Thebes united, but it was too late
- Began centuries of foreign control of Greece.
Philip’s plan was first to defeat Greece.
Persia would be next.
Philip was never able to complete his plans b/c he was assassinated at his daughter’s wedding ( he was literally stabbed in the back)
Phillip’s son Alexander proclaims himself King.
Alexander crushes an early rebellion by Thebes
- 6,000 killed – survivors sold into slavery and the city of Thebes destroyed.

58. Who was Alexander? Phillip’s 20 year old son.
video
Phillip’s 20 year old son.
Educated by Aristotle in science, geography, and literature.
Military training throughout his childhood by his father.

59. Alexander marched on Persia and conquered Egypt
Alexander marched on Persia, crossing the Hellespont with about 35,000 soldiers. He conquered the Persian capital at Sardis.
Alexander crushed Darius' army at Issus in 333 BCE. Darius himself fled the battle.
He conquered Egypt and was made Pharaoh.
Alexander founded his Egyptian capital at Alexandria in 331 BCE.
Phrygia

60. Alexander’s Conquests
Anatolia – Darius had run away
Darius wants to negotiate with Alexander.
Darius offers to give Alexander all land west of the Euphrates River, Alexander declined and vowed to conquer Persia.
Mesopotamia – Again, Darius had 250,000 men, again they fled. This ended the empire.

61. Was Persia Enough? NO WAY!!! He wanted to control All of Asia.
India mounted a huge offensive – the two militaries meet in the Indus Valley.
Alexander wins the battle.
The army was tired
- 11 Years
- 11,000 miles
-climate changes-deserts, monsoons, etc.

62. Alexander in India
Alexander’s army finally neared the Ganges river in India. His army, exhausted from years of fighting, mutinied and refused to march farther into India. Alexander agreed to return back to Babylon. Alexander the Great had conquered an empire larger than anything the world had seen before or since

63. Problems with Alexander’s Empire
Politics were neglected
After agreeing to turn back he planned to strengthen and unify his lands.
- Roads, cities, harbors
- Conquer Arabia.
Alexander never got to carry out this plan.

64. Alexander the Great died at Babylon, 323 BCE
Alexander the Great died of a mysterious illness in Babylon, June , 323 BCE. He was 32 years old.

65. The Empire After Alexander
Divided among three generals
They ignored the traditions of the Greek polis and ruled as dictators.
Cultural impact
Alexander adopted many Persian customs.
Included Persians in his army.
Marries a Persian woman.
A new culture emerges – the blending of Greek and eastern emerged.

66. The Empire of Alexander the Great
After his in 323 BCE, the empire was divided among his most powerful generals.

67. Hellenism, the culture of Classical Greece, spread from the year 333 BCE throughout the Empire of Alexander the Great until circa 63 BCE when Rome conquered the territory. Greek culture strongly influenced Rome in the areas of politics, science, philosophy, religion, and architecture

68. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
As a result of Alexanders policies, a new culture emerges.
The blending became known as Hellenistic.
Hellenistic culture blends Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
Why was this blending of cultures important to Alexander? He desired to preserve culture. He wanted to unify his empire.

69. Hellenistic Culture
Koine – popular language used in Hellenistic cities, was a result of blending.
Koine came from Greek word “common.”
Dialect of Greek.
This language enabled educated people and traders from diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities throughout the Hellenistic world.

70. What were some of the reason’s Alexandria may have been a popular tourist destination during the Hellenistic period?
It was a beautiful city with wide streets lined with marble statues of Greek gods. Royal palaces, Alexander’s tomb, lighthouse, library, and museum (zoo), and botanical gardens.

71. Why might Alexander have founded a library in Alexandria?
He was educated by the Greek philosopher and teacher Aristotle, who taught him to love learning.

72. Achievements in Hellenistic Society
Astronomy – Astronomers came up with two new theories: The sun was 300 times larger than the earth and the earth and other planets revolved around the sun.
Geometry – Euclid wrote book called Elements, proposed 465 geometry propositions and proofs – still the basis for courses in geometry today.
-Archimedes – value of pi, ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter.
Philosophy – Two major philosophies developed
1. Stoicism – stoics proposed people should live perfect lives in harmony with the will of god or
the natural laws that God established.
2. Epicureanism – Only real objects were what the five
senses perceived. Greatest Good and
highest pleasure came from virtuous condut
and the absence of pain.
Art – Sculpture flourished. The Colossus of Rhodes bronze statue more than a 100 ft. high. One of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Hellenistic sculptors moved away from harmonized and idealized forms of the classical age. Instead of a perfect body, Hellenistic sculptors created a more natural work. The sculptors carved ordinary people.