1. reducing ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Time and reason

2. Reducing Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses of time and reason can be reduced to adverb phrases without any changes in meaning, but you have to observe the following:
a. The subjects of both clauses must be the same; otherwise, reduction is not possible.
b. The subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb are always deleted.
c. If there is no be form of a verb, the verb form is changed to verb -ing form or verb -ed form.
d. Retaining the conjunction is sometimes optional in time clauses.

3. NOTES a. With before, after, since, and when: - delete the subject;
- change the verb to a verb-ing form;
- sometimes the clause can be reduced to a prepositional phrase.
1. Before she had a heart attack, she was happy at the nursing home.
2. Before having a heart attack, ...
b. With while:
- while may be deleted when the meaning is “at the same time”.
1. She had a heart attack while she was visiting her daughter.
2. While visiting her daughter, ...
3. Visiting her daughter, ...
c. With as:
- as must be deleted;
- the phrase must come at the beginning of the sentence.
1. She had a heart attack as she was visiting her daughter.
2. Visiting her daughter, ...

4. NOTES d. With as soon as: - replace as soon as with upon;
- change the verb to an –ing form;
- on can also replace as soon as.
1. As soon as the children heard about their mother’s heart attack, they rushed to the hospital.
2. Upon hearing about their mother’s heart attack, ...
3. On hearing about their mother’s heart attack, ...
e. With because:
- the link is not included in the modifying phrase;
- having + past participle.
1. Because I have seen the movie, I don’t want to go again.
2. Having seen the movie before, I don’t want to go again.