Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann, Durham College

Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann, Durham College

Chapter 2 Neuroscience, Evolution and the Biology of Behaviour
Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
Lecture Outline Our Genetic Inheritance Neural Bases of Behaviour Organization of the Nervous System A Tour through the Brain Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Our Genetic Inheritance
Summarize how genetic material passes from one generation to the next. Understand the various approaches that scientists take to explore human inheritance. Describe how natural selection and genetic mutations help explain behaviour. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Our Genetic Inheritance
Behavioural genetics Study of the relative contributions of genetic influences and environmental factors on behaviour and mental processes Evolutionary psychology A branch of psychology that studies the ways in which natural selection and evolution can help to explain behaviour and mental processes Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Behavioural Genetics Neuroscience An interdisciplinary field that studies how biological processes interact with behaviour and mental processes Biopsychology The scientific study of the biology of behaviour and mental processes Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Genetics and Heredity Chromosomes Each human cell nucleus contains 46 chromosomes 23 pairs contributed by each parent Contain genes Genes Arranged in pairs (one from each parent) Traits determined single or multiple pairs Gene pair may be dominant or recessive Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Traits Most determined by multiple gene pairs Polygenic traits Many also determined by environmental and social factors (complex traits) Complex traits e.g. aggressiveness, intelligence and sociability Researchers must use indirect lines of inquiry Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Twin Studies Identical twins (monozygotic) Share 100% of same genes Fraternal twins (dizygotic) Share an average of 50% of same genes Opportunity for a natural experiment Tease apart genetic and environmental factors IQ studies Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Identical and Fraternal Twins
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Family Studies Family studies Trait similarity Closer versus distant relatives Intelligence, sociability, some psychological disorders (e.g. depression) Adoption studies Biologic versus adoptive families Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Behavioural Genetics Explores disorders and diseases that occur when genes malfunction May identify Individual gene or chromosomal abnormalities Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia Sequencing abnormalities Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis Heritability Degree to which individual differences are a result of genetic, inherited factors Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Evolutionary Psychology
Based on premise that many behaviours emerged and remain because they helped our ancestors survive Stems from the writings of Charles Darwin Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Natural Selection Mechanism by which those genetically linked traits that confer a survival or reproductive advantage for an organism will increase in a population Not necessarily the “fittest”, more influenced by those who can: Adapt to an environment Make the greatest genetic contributions What matters is reproduction Survival of the genome (entire genetic complement) Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Studying Natural Selection
Focus on anatomy Behavioural influences more difficult Universal behaviours Present in all cultures Adaptive genetic basis Genetic mutations Help explain evolution of behaviour Rarely confers a behavioural advantage Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Natural Bases of Behaviour
Describe how neurons communicate throughout the body. Explain the role of neurotransmitters. Compare and contrast the functions of neurotransmitters and hormones. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Neural Bases of Behaviour
Neuron A nervous system cell that receives and conducts electrochemical impulses Nerve Large bundle of axons outside the brain and spinal cord Glial cell A nervous system cell that supports, nourishes, insulates and protects neurons Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Communication Action potential Voltage change across an axon when an impulse is transmitted Myelin sheath Fatty insulation that segmentally wraps a axon Speed neural transmission Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Communication within the Neuron
Resting potential Polarized state Selectively permeable Action potential initiation Stimulated by sufficiently strong signal Depolarization Spreading of the action potential and repolarization Stimulates adjacent ions and spread of the action potential Repolarization Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Communication between Neurons
Sending a chemical signal Action potential reaches axon terminal buttons Triggers release of neurotransmitters Bind to receptors Receiving a chemical signal Excitatory or inhibitory messages Message passed if excitatory > inhibitory Reuptake or degradation Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Neurotransmitters Released by neuron at synaptic cleft in response to an action potential Transmits messages from one neuron to another May be inhibitory or excitatory Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Common Neurotransmitters
Serotonin (5-HT) Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Endorphine Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Endocrine System Utilizes hormones secreted into blood to carry messages Controlled by the hypothalamus Functions Helps regulate long term bodily processes Maintain ongoing bodily processes Help control body’s response to an emergency Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Organization of the Nervous System
Identify the major components of the nervous system. Explain how the spinal cord initiates reflexes. Explain why research investigating neuroplasticity and neurogenesis are important. Describe the opposing roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Organization of the Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS) Brain, spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) All nerves outside brain and spinal cord Carries messages to and from CNS to the periphery of the body Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Central Nervous System
Neuroplasticity Brains malleability to reorganize and change its structure and function across the lifespan Neurogenesis The process by which new neurons are generated Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Neuroplasticity Brain capable of changing structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) Lifelong capacity to reorganize Response to new experience Compensate for lost function after damage Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Research Findings Mechanism by which brain can structurally and functionally reorganize after a stroke Modifications in response to trauma and experience Healthy life style (diet and exercise) can induce neuroplasticity Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Donald Hebb Canadian researcher Described how brain and neural signals are associated with higher functions Consciousness could be described in terms of neural patterns Neurons that are simultaneously active become associated with each other Repeated stimulation strengthens synapses and allows us to acquire new skills Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Neurogenesis Lost cells continually replaced by new ones Stem cells Precursors that can develop into any type of new specialized cells Can also copy themselves Fate depends on the chemical signals they recieve Originate deep within brain and migrate Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Research Opportunities
Potential in treating neural disease and spinal cord injury Neurogenesis limited in the spinal cord Potential for embryonic stem cell transplantation Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Research Neurogenesis appears to occur in to areas Hippocampus Specialized area lining the lateral ventricles Most of these neurons die but some continue to grow and integrate Reduced by aging and stress Increased by exercise, stimulating experience and some antidepressant medications Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Spinal Cord Begins at base off brain and travels down middle of back Relays messages Can initiate some autonomic behaviours Reflex or reflex arcs Most fade over time Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system (SNS) Carries sensory information to the CNS Carries messages from the CNS to skeletal muscle Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Controls involuntary functions of tissues, organs and glands Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Sensory versus Motor Neurons

Sympathetic Nervous System
Mobilizes body resources to respond to a stressor Fight or flight response Increased heart rate, respiration and blood pressure Decreased digestive and eliminative processes Release stress hormones into blood Result is more oxygenated blood to skeletal muscle Adaptive, evolutionary advantage Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Parasympathetic Nervous System
Responsible for returning the body to normal functioning Rest and digest Slow heart rate, lower blood pressure Increase digestive and eliminative processes Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Autonomic Nervous System

A Tour Through the Brain
Identify the major structures of the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, and of the cerebral cortex. Summarize the major roles of the lobes of the cerebral cortex. Describe what scientists have learned from split-brain research. Explain why it’s a mistake to believe that the right brain is usually “neglected.” Describe some examples of localization of function in the brain. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

A Tour Through The Brain
Lower-level brain structures Hindbrain, midbrain, parts of the forebrain Midbrain Forebrain Thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus Cerebral cortex Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Hindbrain Medulla Effectively an extension of the top of the spinal cord Controls many essential autonomic functions e.g. respiration and heart rate Pons Involved in respiration, movement, sleeping/waking/dreaming Role in relaying sensory information to higher brain structures Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Hindbrain Cerebellum Located at the back of the brain Coordinates fine muscle movement and balance Takes complex sequences of movement and packages them as a single automatic output With practice Frees higher brain regions to to more complex tasks Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Midbrain Helps orient eye and body movements to visual and auditory stimuli Works with pons Help control sleep, temperature regulation and level of arousal Reticular formation (RF) Network of neurons running through core of hindbrain, midbrain and brainstem Filters sensory information and alerts higher brain centres Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Thalamus Receives sensory input and directs it appropriate cortical regions May have a role in learning and memory Damage linked to schizophrenia, sensory processing and perception Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Hypothalamus Located beneath the thalamus Controls autonomic nervous system Control centre for many essential survival behaviours Controls endocrine system Regulates internal environment Influences pituitary gland Direct neural communication Releasing hormones into blood to pituitary Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Limbic System Located roughly on border between cerebral cortex and lower-level brain structures Responsible for emotions, learning and memory Tempered by cerebral cortex Amygdala Pleasure and reward Aggression and fear Hippocampus Long term memory and spatial navigation Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Structures of the Forebrain

Neuroanatomy of Support
Meninges Three layers of membranes that align closely with the brain and spinal cord Structural support and protection Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Circulates around CNS and fills ventricles Protection and cushioning Constantly made, circulated and removed Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Supporting and Protective Structures

Cerebral Cortex Thin surface layer on cerebral hemispheres Regulates most complex behaviour Plays vital role in our sense of self and subjective experience Convolutions allow it to maximize surface area Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Cerebral Hemispheres Fissure marks the left and right hemispheres Make up about 80% of weight Gets signals and controls opposite side of body Divided into eight lobes Four on each side Each specialized into specific tasks Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Frontal Lobes Coordinate messages received from other three lobes Motor cortex initiates all voluntary movement Broca’s area Located in lower left frontal lobe Speech formation Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Specialized Brain Functions

Parietal Lobes Interpret bodily sensations Pressure, pain, touch, temperature, location of body parts Somatosensory cortex Thin band of cortical tissue on front of parietal lobe Receives information about touch and other skin and visceral senses Mapped by Wilder Penfield while developing surgical treatment for epilepsy Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Motor and Somatosensory Cortex

Temporal Lobes Responsible for hearing, language comprehension, memory and some emotions Auditory cortex Processes sound Processes incoming sensory information and sends it parietal lobes Wernicke’s area Language comprehension Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Occipital Lobes Responsible primarily for vision and visual perception Damage can produce blindness Eyes and neural connection to brain may be perfectly functional Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Association Areas Three quarters of cortex remains uncommitted Originally thought to be unused Clearly involved in interpretation, integration and acting on information processed in other parts of the brain Association areas Associate or connect various areas and functions of the brain Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Cerebral Hemispheres Control opposite sides of the body Each has some separate areas of specialization Primarily connected via corpus callosum Left hemisphere Language and analytical functions Right hemisphere Non-verbal activities such as art and music Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Split Brain Research In some severe cases of epilepsy, the corpus callosum is severed Stops spread of seizures Major communication link severed Reveals what each hemisphere can do in isolation of the other Subtle changes that appear only on specialized testing Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Functions of the Left and Right Hemispheres

Multimedia Web links Photo 51 Meet the unsung heroine of behind the discovery of DNA’s double Helix How Cells Divide Mitosis vs. Meiosis Cracking the Code of Life This two-hour special, hosted by ABC "Nightline" correspondent Robert Krulwich, chronicles the fiercely competitive race to capture one of the biggest scientific prizes ever: the complete letter-by-letter sequence of genetic information that defines human life—the human genome. Build a Family Tree (Men Only) The Y chromosome is the keeper of family history on the male side. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution A Theory in Crisis Mirror Neurons Why do sports fans feel so emotionally invested in the game, reacting almost as if they were part of the game themselves? According to provocative discoveries in brain imaging, inside our heads we constantly "act out" and imitate whatever activity we're observing. As this video reveals, our so-called "mirror neurons" help us understand the actions of others and prime us to imitate what we see. How Your Brain Works Your brain is made of approximately 100 billion nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons have the amazing ability to gather and transmit electrochemical signals -- think of them like the gates and wires in a computer. The Structure and Function of Neurons Movement and activity depend upon the coordination of many cells. The nervous system is what produces this coordination and messages are passed to the brain for response Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Web links Neurons and the Action Potential Whether neurons are sensory or motor, big or small, they all have in common that their activity is both electrical and chemical. Neuroscience for Kids This page describes how neurons work. Nervous System – Nerve Cells and Nerves Your nervous system contains millions of nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are highly specialised to transmit messages from one part of your body to another. Neurological Control Communication between neurons is made possible by synapses. What is the Action Potential of a Neuron Neurons allow the brain to communicate with the rest of the body through the propagation of waves of depolarization, known as action potentials, along the axon membrane. What is the Resting Potential of a Neuron Neurons are cells specialized to allow our brains to communicate with the rest of the body. The resting potential prepares neurons to send the messages. Psychology Class Notes Biological Psychology (Psychobiology) Neuroscience for Kids The Synapse Neurological Control The Synaptic Signal Younger Brains Neuroscientists may have found why the brain slows down in old age. Ecstasy Slideshow This slideshow starts off with some fairly basic information and concepts and gets more complex as it goes along. Don't get all freaked out by the technical terms; it's all explained as we go along. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Web links MDMA At Work (and Play) This simple animation demonstrates how MDMA actually causes serotonin to be released. Neurological Control Neurotransmitters How Stuff Works All About the Human Body Central Nervous System – The Brain and Spinal Cord The brain and spinal column (CNS) are the control center and communications network for the body. Injuries to these organs can result in serious long-term effects. Nervous System – Peripheral Nervous System All the nerves and nerve cells outside your central nervous system make up your peripheral nervous system. Its task is to relay information from your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body and from your body to your brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience for Kids Autonomic Nervous System Stroke Brain Re-Growth Damage to the brain from a stroke often causes loss of arm and leg movement. As this ScienCentral News video reports, brain researchers have found a way to make damaged nerve cells in the brain re-grow after a stroke, and restore movement to paralyzed limbs. Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Skills Training Neuroplasticity is defined as the capacity of nerve cells in the brain to modify their activity in response to environmental stimulation. This is the process that occurs in response to cognitive skills training at Brain Power Learning Center. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Web links New Neurons in Neocortex? New Study Says No! This month scientists backed away from previous conclusions about neurogenesis -- that is, growth of new nerve cells -- when they found that nerve cells do not grow in the neocortex of adult primates. The study, done by Drs. David Kornack and Pasko Rakic, used a combination of techniques to look at cells in the neocortex, the brain's specialized outer layer where complex functions such as planning, reasoning, and language take place. The "neo" in neocortex means "new," signifying that this area evolved later and is not as primitive as other cortical areas (such as the "older" hippocampus). What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are very special, powerful cells found in both humans and non-human animals. They have been called the centrepieces of regenerative medicine – medicine that involves growing new cells, tissues and organs to replace or repair those damaged by injury, disease or aging. Nervous System – Spinal Cord Your spinal cord is a glistening white bundle of nerves, which runs from your brain down a canal in your backbone. It's roughly 40cm long and about as wide as your thumb for most of its length. Brain Atlas Spinal Cord Neuroscience for Kids Divisions of the Nervous System Sheep Brain Dissection The Anatomy of Memory Human Brain “Fly-Through” The Brain The brain has the size and appearance of a small cauliflower. But thanks to its 100 billion nerve cells (as many as there are stars in our galaxy!), we can think, plan, talk, imagine, and so much more. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Web links Your Brain You're trying to make something that looks like this. First place the palms of your hands together. Now bring your elbows together and curl in your fingers to create two fists. Have a friend place a golf ball or table tennis ball in between your fists. Neuroscience For Kids Do We Use Only 10% of Our Brains? Brain Atlas Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain How Stuff Works Videos Page Cerebral Cortex The cerebral cortex is the layer of the brain often referred to as gray matter. The cortex (thin layer of tissue) is gray because nerves in this area lack the insulation that makes most other parts of the brain appear to be white. The cortex covers the outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum and cerebellum. The portion of the cortex that covers the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. Secrets of the Mind A Map of the Motor Cortex Mind Bluff Left Brain vs. Right Brain Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Videos Y’s-Guys (1:37) Geneticists are announcing that they have sequenced the male sex chromosome. As this ScienCentral News video reports, while sequencing its genes hasn't yet revealed the secret to male channel surfing, it is giving scientists new insight into why a guy is a guy. Wiring the Brain (1:18) Interested in continuing education? Here's some good news. As this ScienCentral News video reports, brain researchers have uncovered one mechanism that controls how our brains make new connections. Chocolate on the Brain (1:59) For the chocolate industry, Valentine’s Day is one of the most wonderful times of the year, as Cupid’s arrow strikes romantics squarely in the sweet tooth. But are all those calories empty ones? New nutrition research may help take the guilt out of chocoholics’ guilty pleasure. Lifespan Genes (1:36) We all know that diet and exercise can help us live longer and healthier. For many of us that’s easier said than done. Will there ever be a drug that can help us stay young longer? This ScienCentral News video reports that there is hope, and some scientists say the key to a long life may be a single gene. Bird Brain Genes (1:23) Human speech and bird song may have more in common than we know, according to scientists at Duke University. As this ScienCentral News video reports, the research could lead to new progress for people with genetic speech disorders. Watching Live Brains (1:30) For the first time, scientists can watch individual brain cells in living animals for long periods of time. But as this ScienCentral News video reports, they've come to different conclusions about what it tells us about our brains. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Web links Your Brain on Drugs (2:09) It goes by many names, but whether it’s called "speed," "ice," "chalk," "crystal" or "glass," methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant. And while the problems associated with drug abuse are familiar to most people, new research has added to the list. Scientists are now able to look directly at the brain of drug users and have found that methamphetamine damages the brain, and its effects continue long after people stop using it. Maternal Separation (1:17) There's no substitute for a mother's love. As this ScienCentral News video reports, neuroscientists have found that when kids are deprived of this love, it could affect the way their brains are wired and make them more prone to abuse drugs as adults. Stem Cell Shakes (1:34) The good news about stem cells is that they can develop into any kind of cell or tissue. The bad news is that scientists have had trouble making them grow into the kinds of cells they want. This ScienCentral News video reports that brain scientists have found a solution, at least when it comes to nerve cells Alzheimer’s Scans (1:29) A new 3-D time-lapse video technique is helping neuroscientists see the progression of Alzheimer’s disease in patients’ brains for the first time. As this ScienCentral News video reports, it will help in early diagnosis and intervention. Meditation Changes Brains (1:40) Trying to juggle a busy work and family life can be stressful. As this ScienCentral News video reports, neuroscientists have new evidence that meditation could help. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Multimedia Animations Alcohol, Neurotransmitters, and Your Brain Have you ever wondered why some sobriety tests ask a suspect to touch a finger to his or her nose and to walk a straight line? To understand, what alcohol does to these abilities, we need to look at what alcohol does to your brain. The Brain Biological Bases of Behaviour Author Podcast Chapter 2 Podcast Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann, Durham College

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann, Durham College"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann, Durham College

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann, Durham College"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback