Industry.

Industry

Learning Intentions Describe the different types of industry, e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Discuss the main features of an industrial system Explain the factors which influence the location of industry. Use an OS map to: describe the advantages (location factors) of a particular site for manufacturing industry in the past, or new industries at the present time Describe the environmental impact of the industrial development Describe the features of both old and new industrial landscapes.

Learning Intentions… For any named industrial concentration in the EU (a case study such as the Ruhr): Explain the physical factors which led to the growth of early industry (outline the geographical reasons behind the area’s former prosperity) Describe the past and present distribution of coal mining and related activities Suggest the likely impact of coal mining and related activities on the environment of the area Suggest reasons for the area’s subsequent decline Describe and explain the recent industrial changes and discuss their impact on the area Describe ways in which the landscape has changed as a result of regeneration Describe and comment on the success of steps taken to bring about redevelopment Suggest why human and economic factors have become more important in accounting for the location of industries today Describe the locational factors which play a part in attracting foreign manufacturing industries to the area.

GMT Annotate and analyse field sketches and photographs of old and new industrial landscapes Describe and analyse industrial and employment survey results: e.g. describe and explain employment changes or industrial patterns shown in a table, and suggest possible future trends comment on the accuracy of statements which describe industrial patterns shown on maps, tables, etc.

WE WILL Describe the different types of industry, e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary Be able to give specific examples for each sector.

Primary The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries.

Secondary The secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry.

Tertiary The tertiary sector of economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry) As an economy becomes more developed it there is a shift from primary to secondary industry and then on to tertiary industry.

Quaternary Principally concerns the intellectual services: information generation, information sharing, consultation, education and research and development.

Sector Description Basic example Specific example Primary Secondary
The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries. Secondary The secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers Car manufacturing Tertiary The tertiary sector of economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry) As an economy becomes more developed it there is a shift from primary to secondary industry and then on to tertiary industry. Hotels Hospitals Teachers Quaternary Principally concerns the intellectual services: information generation, information sharing, consultation, education and research and development Electronics companies Mobile phone technology micro-electronics

Question Define – with the aid of an appropriate example for each – the terms Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary industries. 6 Marks

Activity Make up question cards for the reading on pages (Remember to put the answers on the back)

WE WILL Discuss the main features of an industrial system.

Input – What goes into the factory to create the final product.
Process – The jobs which need to be completed. Output – The end result

INPUTS OUTPUTS PROCESSES Raw materials Labour Power Management tasks
Labour Power Management tasks Training staff Researching Final product Secondary products Waste

Copy the diagram of industry as a system on page 279.
Activity Copy the diagram of industry as a system on page 279.

WE WILL Explain the physical factors which led to the growth of early industry (outline the geographical reasons behind the area’s former prosperity) Describe the past and present distribution of coal mining and related activities Suggest the likely impact of coal mining and related activities on the environment of the area

Site and availability of land
Extend the spider diagram by describing why each point helps industry develop in particular areas. Use page for Ravenscraig or use Wales case study notes to extend spider diagram further with case study points Site and availability of land Labour Supply Market Growth of Industry Raw Materials Transport Energy

Growth Factors for Wales
high quality coal, easy to mine from valley bottoms iron ore found within the coal measures limestone found locally charcoal then rivers then coal for power valley floors were flat for building on labour from rural areas of Wales and southwest England coal and steel went to markets of the British Empire canals and railways provided transport Cardiff and Swansea docks for exports around the world.

Wales During the 19th Century Southern Wales became a vitally important industrial area, for both iron and steel production. The steep valleys, with their fast flowing rivers, provided power and transport. The hills were rich with raw materials, such as coal, iron ore and limestone, and the area was close to the ports of Cardiff and Swansea. In 1860 there were over 30 iron works in the valleys of South Wales. They provided vital employment for the local villages, which became almost solely dependent on the new industries.

Question Describe the physical and human factors that led to the growth of industry 10

Activity Use page to complete chart the changing location of industry in Scotland.

Changing Location of Industry - Scotland
Stage 1 Domestic Self Sufficient Water powered Secondary industry developed anywhere where clusters of people Dispersed Local raw materials - transportation Kilbrachan in Renfrewshire Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Activity Pick one of the case studies (Sambre-Meuse, Saltaire, Bonawe) and make a summary poster.

Homework For an area you have studied describe and explain the both the physical and human factors which have led to the growth of industry. 10

Activity Make your own case study notes for Ravenscraig using page (Use the sub heading they have used in the textbook) You can use the internet to find more information.

Ravenscraig Case Study – History and Decline
Ravenscraig is an area of land located in North Lanarkshire, Scotland Reason for Decline Location Factors Raw Materials Products Impact of Decline Processes Impact on People

Ravenscraig Case Study - Regeneration
Set in the heart of Scotland’s Central Belt in North Lanarkshire, Ravenscraig will be the country’s first new town in more than 50 years. This is one of the largest regeneration projects in Europe, covering 450 hectares (1,125 acres) - an area equivalent to 13 London Canary Wharfs, 700 football pitches or twice the size of Monaco. Ravenscraig will become home to over 10,000 people, and is expected to create 12,000 jobs and attract in excess of £1.2 billion of private sector investment over the next 15 to 20 years. A project of national significance, Ravenscraig will provide many local and national benefits - it will lead to the construction of: • Around 3,500 new homes • A new town centre with 84,000 sq m of retail and leisure space. • Up to 216,000 sq m of business and industrial space • Major parkland areas • A new transport network • New sports facility • A new college campus • Two New schools. The £32 million Ravenscraig Regional Sports Facility opened its doors to the public on Thursday 30th September 2010. The state-of-the-art sporting facility will deliver real benefits in sport and recreation, and provide the local community with a range of health, fitness and leisure opportunities. Phase one will see over 800 family homes built adjacent to Carfin and Cleekhimin, with construction already under way the first houses are likely to be completed in late As part of the total development, some 3,500 new homes will be built providing housing for up to 10,000 people all with access to the latest telephone and broadband connectivity.

WE WILL Suggest reasons for an industrial area’s subsequent decline
Describe and explain the recent industrial changes and discuss their impact on the area

Decline During the next 40 years improvements in the smelting process, meant that the production of iron was replaced by steel manufacture, which was more profitable. The natural resources needed were the same. By the 1990's only two steelworks were left in South Wales, and both of them were on the coast. The resources had run out, only one coal-mine remained working and the many small works in the valleys had closed down, causing huge social problems.

Integrated Works The new works were integrated steel works, which imported their raw materials from abroad. These aimed to make the industry more efficient and competitive in a growing world market. Not only is there competition form other countries but also form other materials that are increasingly being used instead of steel. Materials, such as aluminium and plastics.

Port Talbot Locational advantages
large area of flat land near to the sea for importing and exporting purposes Near by is a large workforce and access to the entire British market through the excellent motorway links. It has created employment opportunities in the area, and has encouraged further investment and growth. An example of one is the integrated steel works at Port Talbot. Opened in 1954, it is an integrated steelworks, which is one in which all processes of the steel making industry occur under one roof. The coal and iron ore deposits of South Wales have long since run out or become too costly to get at, so both of these raw materials are imported from places such as Africa and South America.

Ebbw Vale The Ebbw Vale Iron Works, later to become the Ebbw Vale Steelworks, opened in 1778, followed by the opening of a number of coal mines around At its height (1930s — 40s) the steel works in Ebbw Vale was the largest in Europe. By the 1960s around 14,500 people were employed in the works in and around Ebbw Vale Originally a rather insignificant spot in rural Monmouthshire with only about 120 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century, Ebbw Vale—and the whole valley—was transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Ebbw Vale is a town at the head of the valley formed by the Ebbw Fawr tributary of the Ebbw River, south Wales. It is the largest town and the administrative centre of Blaenau Gwent county borough. The Ebbw Vale and Brynmawr conurbation has a population of roughly 33,000. Extra Notes The end of the 20th century witnessed a massive collapse to the industry. A strike in 1980 was followed by closures and redundancies which resulted in the dismantling of many of the old plants. In 2002 only 450 were employed in the old industries, and by July of that year the final works closed Unemployment in Ebbw Vale is among the highest rates in the United Kingdom, largely the result of the decline of the mining and steel industries. In 2003 work began on demolishing the long-standing steelworks, and currently around one to two miles of the valley stands empty awaiting development.

Regeneration http://www.theworksebbwvale.co.uk/?lang=en The Works
The Ebbw Vale Steelworks site known as "The Works“ is being re-developed under a £350 million regeneration project by Blaenau Gwent Council and Welsh Government. It will then have many different uses; housing, retail & office, wetlands, a Learning campus and many other uses. The steelworks closed in 2002 and the land was remediated over a period of approximately five years. Outline planning consent was granted in 2007 for a mixed use development. Transport Links The Works is located off the A4046 on Steelworks Road, which connects to the A467 leading down to J28 of the M4. Both London and the Midlands are both around 2.5 hours away. With the development of the new train station at The Works, Cardiff is a short train ride away. From here London and the Midlands can again be reached within 2.5 hours. Regular services to other major destinations are also available through the Ebbw Vale Cardiff rail link. Business and enterprise will play a big part in the future of The Works, a part that will add to the success of existing business parks and innovation centres in the area. New Facilities The new sports complex will complement the state of the art education facilities on The Works site, which include the Learning Zone and a new 3-16 school. It promises to attract people from all over the heads of the valleys region. It will replace the current Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre with a building fit for purpose for the 21st Century with an investment of over £15million. Blaenau Gwent’s new £60 million hospital is the first big construction project at The Works.

Wales – Video clips

Reason for Industrial Decline
Falling customer demand for the product as new technology takes over. Competing businesses often subsidised by their governments Increased competition leading to falling prices and profits. Improved (and cheaper) transport and communication means that products do not need to be manufactured near to the market. Cheaper labour from countries such as India. Reason for Industrial Decline Ending of government incentives to encourage new industries. Modernisation of plants in order to compete can result in redundancies. Increased competition from overseas markets, particularly NICs. (steel producers) raw materials of coal and iron ore had to be imported valleys remote from coast and market loss of overseas markets with break up of British Empire

Exam Questions With reference to named examples within an area of industrial decline in the European Union you have studied give reasons for the industrial decline 8 Marks

Impact of Industrial Decline Wales

Rise in cases of depression.
Associated service and supply industries close. Cycle of economic decline sets in. Depopulation, particularly amongst young people and young families. Leading to further service closures. Areas in decline find it difficult to attract new investment as area becomes run down. Need to improve the infrastructure to attract industries to allow diversification away from traditional industries. Rise in cases of depression. Rise in crime rates in area. unemployment high in the valleys and in the docks abandoned railway sidings and derelict buildings at Cardiff docks Need to regenerate both the valleys and the docklands, requiring government or EU assistance

Limiting Long Term Illness - nine of the twenty authorities with the highest levels of long-term illness are Welsh, of which four are located within the top five. Permanently Sick or Disabled - eight of the twenty worst authorities are Welsh, of which four are located in the top five. No Qualifications - four out of the twenty authorities with the highest levels of no qualifications are Welsh, of which two are located in the top five People Providing Unpaid Care - nine of the top twenty authorities are Welsh, of which seven are located in the top ten. Housing Condition - a high percentage of the housing stock in Wales is in poor condition, for example in the Blaenavon Housing Renewal Area 81% of the 993 houses were unfit or eligible for grant assistance

Population Structure and Demographics
The 2001 census showed for the first time that there are more people over 60 than there are children. While the proportion of the population aged under 16 has decreased from 24% in 1951 to 20% in 2001, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over has increased from 16% in 1951 to 21% in 2001. Translating this as numbers the increase is even starker in relation to the number of people aged 85 and over. In 1951, there were 0.2 million people aged 85 and over (0.4% of the population) in the UK. In 2001 this number had grown to just over 1.9% of the population, 1.1 million people.

Deprivation has also been caused by the loss of population in certain areas.
This is dramatically illustrated in a typical mining community like Merthyr Tydfil that grew from 8,000 in 1801, peaked at 85,000 in 1921 and declined to a population of 56,000 today.

Impact of Industrial Decline
Social Economic Environmental

Exam Question Describe the social, economic and environmental impacts of the closure of industries on the local population and the surrounding area. 8 Marks

Homework Read pages for class quiz next lesson.

WE WILL Describe ways in which the landscape has changed as a result of regeneration Describe and comment on the success of steps taken to bring about redevelopment

Landscape The 1950s saw increased resources for health and housing with a rapid increase in the level of social housing provision. Large council-owned estates emerged on the hillsides, increasing the level of housing in this tenure to 25% by the 1970s. Merthyr Tydfil

Retail The retail revolution has also impacted upon the street scene with the move away from high street shops to large out-of-town retail outlets. This change in shopping patterns is mainly attributable to greater accessibility with the growth in car ownership and an improved highway infrastructure, particularly in the south with the construction of the M4 motorway and the Severn crossings. In rural communities, local shops, schools, public houses and community centres are being closed because it is not possible to sustain them.

Regeneration Differences
Unitary authorities throughout Wales are attempting to address these issues, but the different character of the various areas (landscape, social make-up and industrial composition), means that there is wide variation in the type of regeneration projects being undertaken. These include major former industrial sites such as Cardiff Bay; the less prosperous area of the South Wales valleys which are dependent on government interventions and rural deprivation in Mid, West and North Wales.

Garden Festival initiative
However, there are optimistic signs as shown by the Garden Festival initiative. This was launched in the 1980s and resulted in the Ebbw Vale Garden Festival in The after-use plan for the Festival site took the form of a new urban village called Victoria and the adjoining Festival Park. This was planned as a flagship development and a symbol of regeneration in the South Wales mining valleys and was realised over the period The site was formerly occupied by coal and iron workings, railway sidings and waste tips of slag and other material. The site encompassed approximately 200 acres. The aim was to build 375 homes; 370 have been built of which only 25 units have been built by a Registered Social Landlord (RSL). The development has revealed a latent demand for new affordable private sector housing. The development is now substantially complete and the houses are occupied and have acted as an inspiration for further private sector housing in other valley communities.

Urban regeneration in Wales
Wales has gained a reputation for regeneration thanks to areas of redevelopment that have taken place where the Welsh coal industry once stood. The Land Reclamation division of the WDA, offers grants to recycle derelict land and brownfield sites leading to many towns and cities are joining the ranks to rejuvenate themselves. Regeneration projects such as the £250m plan for Llanelli's waterside, the SA1 development in Swansea and local regeneration projects like Victoria Dock in Caernarfon and Barry Waterfront scratch the surface of development Wales is going under. The revival of Cardiff docklands was the first large-scale regeneration, and its success has triggered a ripple effect. SA1 Swansea Waterfront has become one of the largest industrial transformations owing to an investment of £200m. The first residential phases is now complete - combining living and working under one roof in a New York style 2 storey duplex. The waterside regeneration bug has spread to Llanelli. Once a town whose fortune lay in tin and steel, it is now thriving from a colossal regeneration scheme. You only have to visit Wales' first Nicklaus-designed golf course at Machynys Peninsula Golf & Country Club in the Millennium Coastal Park for proof that Llanelli is back on the map. The £2m Discovery Centre has a top location on the beach, and is set to attract one million visitors by 2008. What was once 2,000 acres of wasteland is now a thriving hub for leisure and tourism in Carmarthenshire. Cardiff Bay has become the second largest regeneration scheme in Europe and the Llanelli's Millennium Coastal Park is the biggest land reclamation project in the UK.

Cardiff docklands The Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was set up in April 1987 to regenerate the 1,100 hectares of old derelict docklands of Cardiff and Penarth. It was part of the British Government's 'Urban Development Programme' to regenerate particularly deprived and run-down areas of British inner cities.

The regeneration of Cardiff Bay was undertaken to create a complementary mix of Housing, Open Space, Commerce, Leisure and Industrial Development. The total estimated cost of the scheme was 2.4 billion pounds, with a public/private leverage ratio of 1:2. That is the government funding was expected to attract double the investment from the private sector. Some of the significant achievements of the project included the construction of a Barrage across the mouth of the Bay to create a 200-hectare fresh water lake, the construction of new homes including those at Atlantic Wharf and new offices including Crickhowell House now the home of the National Assembly for Wales. The development also created commercial and leisure facilities such as those at Mermaid Quay on the waterfront and the Atlantic Wharf Leisure Village. Many jobs were also created by the regeneration project. The Development Corporation was formally wound up on the 31st of March 2000.

Llanelli Waterside

Regarded as the axis of Llanelli Waterside the eighteen acre North Dock site is at the heart of the Millennium Coastal Park and overlooks Carmarthen Bay and the rejuvenated dock. It therefore offers a unique waterside setting that’s sure to provide an appealing environment for a variety of uses. Prime waterfront developments include commercial office space in the shape of the recently completed Dragon 24 complex which offers 30,000 square feet of BREEAM Very Good accommodation and an enviable working environment for modern businesses. Dragon 24 has transformed the dock edge and forms a business district that links into the town centre itself and right across Llanelli Waterside into developments at Burry Port and Delta Lakes. New Waterfront housing has already been built with stunning views over the estuary. The Discovery Centre - a landmark building housing a restaurant, tourist information, ice cream parlour and meeting facilities - sits in the centre of the site with the promenade running alongside. The Pumphouse – an exciting plan to transform an eye-catching and historic grade II listed building on North Dock into a restaurant and chef academy is currently underway and scheduled for completion in spring North Dock has evolved organically over the years generating a variety of development opportunities. It has steadily grown into a natural visitor destination with increased footfall year on year due to the many leisure activities North Dock offers. At the head of the dock lie the immediate development opportunities - suitable for commercial uses such as a café bar, restaurant and a landmark hotel. These will create a lively visual focus from the bridge accessing the dock and generate linkages further west along Llanelli Waterside into the wider leisure and recreation developments at Old Castle Works.

Delta Lakes

Delta Lakes is located immediately to the south of Llanelli adjoining the principal Coastal Link Road (CLR) which provides direct access to the M4 Motorway and all major conurbations. This 34 acre site adjacent to the coastal link road is ideal for a mix of commercial and business development. Overlooking the lake and parkland on one side, and the coastline on the other, the aspect is particularly appealing. Considered to be the Llanelli Waterside’s most prestigious business park location there is an opportunity to develop a mixed use and modern business park in line with the partners’ desire to attract companies from key growth sectors such as the Life Sciences; Private Healthcare and Financial Services sectors. In total the potential exists to accommodate approximately 275,000 square feet of floor space. A 7.3m wide road traverses the site which is also fully serviced with gas, electricity, water, mains drainage and communications. Two storey contemporary office developments for single or multiple uses are also envisaged for Delta Lakes possibly incorporating an “office village” complex for smaller end-users. These office developments would naturally fit towards the coastal-facing front of the park offering future tenants high profile accommodation. To the rear of Delta Lakes, facing the salt-water lake, are envisaged two plots to accommodate interest from the private healthcare sectors. This has linkages with recent developments underway on the adjacent Avenue development. This part of the park is primed for the forecast growth in the private healthcare industry and has sympathetic landscape, movement and ecology features appropriate for the sector. Delta Lakes is one of the few sites across South West Wales to be eligible for the South West Wales Property Development Fund. The aim of the Fund is to develop high-quality commercial ‘BREEAM Excellent’ buildings in the region. The Fund can provide up to 50% of the costs to investors and developers for speculative projects.

Ebbw Vale

The Works site, which is the former steelworks at Ebbw Vale, was taken over in 2005 by Blaenau Gwent County Borough County Borough Council and The Welsh Assembly Government in a £350million regeneration programme. The site hosted last year’s National Eisteddfod in July which saw around 135,000 visitors to the site and has since become home to a wide variety of major regeneration projects, a number of which are already complete. Completed projects to date include a number of Wales’ most high profile developments in recent years, such as Ysbyty Aneurin Bevan – a 96 bed hospital which started construction in 2008 and is now open; the Central Valley Wetland Park – a green area which was reprofiled to its natural state and landscaped using soil created on site and the Environmental Resource Centre – a sustainable innovative building where the community can learn about the ecology and heritage of the former steelworks. The Works is also spearheading the Welsh Future Homes project which is a development of four showcase experimental low energy homes, establishing Ebbw Vale as the centre of a new sustainable construction industry in the UK. As part of this project, there are three completed homes that are now open for demonstration purposes and the fourth property will be complete within the coming months. Two of the properties qualify for the Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6 and Passivhaus - the first in the UK A number of major ongoing projects are due for completion this year including the transformation of a grade II listed building (The General Offices) into a visitor attraction featuring Wales’ first 4D cinema, which will open this summer. The attraction will showcase the heritage of the Valleys through interactive technology. Work also continues on the Learning Zone - an innovative learning facility which is intended to provide a range of academic and vocational courses for post-16 learners.

Activity Make an information leaflet about the changes in Cardiff Bay and what it now has to offer.

WE WILL Suggest why human and economic factors have become more important in accounting for the location of industries today Describe the location factors which play a part in attracting foreign manufacturing industries to the area.

Footloose Footloose industries are those that do not have to locate close to raw materials (unlike the early iron and steel industry that had to locate close to iron ore and coal etc). Footloose industries locate in pleasant environments near transport routes and near the markets. An example of a footloose industry would be a hi-tech industry such as computing. Footloose industries have to locate close to research centres like universities. Development in the hi-tech industry happen so fast that companies need to stay up to date to survive e.g. Science Parks around Cambridge. Footloose industries are usually non-polluting and can locate close to residential areas.

Hi-Tech Industry A High technology (Hi-tech) industry is one that produces sophisticated products. There is a significant emphasis on research and development. Often the 'raw materials‘ are electrical components. Examples of Hi-tech industries include: Computers Telecommunications Aerospace and military equipment

Science Parks Located on the edge of cities in greenfield locations.
Many of the firms located in science parks are connected with information, high-technology, and electronic industries. Science parks have direct links with universities for research. They have attractive layouts with grassy areas, ornamental gardens, ponds etc. An example is The Cambridge Science Park. Science parks have direct links with universities for research.

The Cambridge Science Park
The Cambridge Science Park is on the edge of Cambridge, alongside the M11 and the A10. It is located here because it is very accessible, land values are lower on the edge of an urban area and there is plenty of open space for expansion. A number of companies have links with research departments at Cambridge University.

Established by Trinity College in 1970, Cambridge Science Park is the UK's oldest and most prestigious science park. Now home to over 90 hi-tech companies and 5,000 personnel, Cambridge Science Park continues to attract new businesses, from small start-ups to subsidiaries of multinational corporations.

Science Park Motorway Universities Stansted Airport

There is a total of over 145,540 sq m (1,566,000sq ft) of accommodation divided into units of many sizes. At the smaller end there are office and laboratory buildings of 93 sq m (1,000 sq ft), while the largest buildings are in excess of 4,645 sq m (50,000 sq ft). The Cambridge Science Park accommodates companies engaged in a wide range of research activities.

Sectors of Industry Involved
Bio-medical Computer/Telecoms Consulting (Technical) Energy Environmental Financial, Business and Other Non-Technical Industrial Technologies Materials

biology and chemistry laboratories optical table rooms
To accommodate the varied demands of these companies, the Cambridge Science Park provides a range of different buildings necessary to support the relevant research activities. These include:- clean rooms biology and chemistry laboratories optical table rooms high capacity server suites offices

Landscaping In practical terms, the 152 acre site benefits from 20 acres of amenity landscaping which provides a central area of lakes, natural habitat, mature trees, shrubs and extensive grassed areas. No building is permitted in this protected area. In addition between 35% and 40% of each building plot is dedicated to further landscaping which extends to the very periphery of each building. From its earliest days the Cambridge Science Park has benefitted from a park like setting of low density. The original landscaping design philosophy was inwards looking with the objective being to create a peaceful and serene environment in accord with a location whose ideal is the pursuit of scientific research and development. Strenuous efforts have been made to conceal car parks behind trees and shrub covered bunds.

71% as sole occupants of cars
Travel About 5,000 people are employed in 71 firms on the Park and there is a need now to secure change in the way people travel to work. Recent surveys have yielded the following data: 71% as sole occupants of cars 9% sharing cars 12% by bicycle 4% walking 3% use public transport Surveys have shown that a significant percentage of the Park's workforce might change from driving to work on their own if the other alternatives such as public transport were more attractive; hence the green commuter plan.

The green commuter plan
The five year plan sets ambitious targets for travelling to work: 50% as sole occupants of cars 15% sharing cars 20% by bicycle 5% walking 10% use public transport Improved cycle access and new cycle ways have been provided in the Park. In addition a number of secure covered cycle stores have been provided in the Park's communal car parks; at the expense of car park spaces. In new buildings, showers are being provided, and cycle parking is increasing to 25% of the workforce. With 25% of Science Park company employees living within the city, a good bus service is crucial. A cross town shuttle service running from the Babraham Park and Ride through the City Centre to the Science Park now runs every 15 minutes throughout the working day.

Main Characteristics of a New Industrial Landscape
Lower, smaller, modern buildings – mostly single storey and often with large windows to allow in plenty of light. Buildings are well planned/spaced out with trees and grassy areas and even ornamental lakes/ponds included in the layout to provide a more attractive working environment and create a favourable image to prospective investors/clients. These areas are usually located on purpose-built industrial estates or Science/Business Parks commonly on Greenfield sites on the edge of towns/cities where land is relatively cheaper and there is room for car parking and for future expansion. They are close to major roads such as dual carriageways or motorways for ease of transport of the finished products to markets/ports, for bringing in raw materials/components/sub assemblies and for the convenience of to-day’s more mobile, car-owning workforce

There is an absence of slag heaps/coal bings, factory chimneys, railway sidings etc usually associated with older, ‘smokestack’ industrial areas. There is a tendency for similar sorts of industries/firms in similar looking buildings to be located on the same site to benefit from an exchange of ideas and information. Many of these businesses are connected with information, high technology and electronics industries and will have direct links with universities (often situated close by) for research and development purposes and to remain successful and competitive.

Activity You are the person in charge of attracting new businesses and graduates to Cambridge Science Park. Write a report or produce a leaflet to advertise the benefits of the Park to Hi-Tech industry

Government Assistance
Grants/loans/tax relief Enterprise Zones Development Area Development Agency Urban Development Corporation (UDC) Relocation of specific government offices Encouraging inward investment from abroad EU (creation of EU itself provides huge European market for goods) Improved infrastructure Construction of New Towns Planning permission for new industries

The government also guaranteed up to £1bn of further loans.
Activity Try to find case study examples of the EU, UK or Scottish Government helping industry. In 2009 Business Secretary Lord Mandelson outlined a package of government support for the UK car industry potentially worth up to £2.3bn. The package included a scheme to unlock £1.3bn of loans from Europe for car manufacturers and major suppliers. The government also guaranteed up to £1bn of further loans.

WE WILL Use an OS map to: describe the advantages (location factors) of a particular site for manufacturing industry in the past, or new industries at the present time Describe the environmental impact of the industrial development Describe the features of both old and new industrial landscapes.

Industrial areas on OS maps
You should be able to recognise when an industrial landscape is shown on an Ordnance Survey map. In addition, you should be able to distinguish between old and new industrial landscapes. There are a number of features specific to each that should help you work out which type of landscape you're looking at.

Early industries were often located close to:
water power sites canals or navigable rivers for transport water, used as a raw material railways, for transport houses, often in a grid iron street pattern, since they were set up when people lived close to their place of work In addition, the buildings are often noticeably large on the map and sometimes show the word 'mill' or 'works'. Open space is limited.

New industrial landscapes are often located:
close to road transport, for example a motorway or major A class road within Industrial Estates, so that several factories are located together on flat land, to allow several factories to be built with access to electricity, even if pylons are not shown on the map close to open space, to make the surrounding landscape more attractive separate from housing, since workers can live far from their work Make sure you can recognize the Ordnance Survey symbols for the features mentioned above.

2006 Past Paper Question Area A was once the centre of Sheffield’s traditional metal-working industry. With the aid of map evidence, describe the likely old industrial landscape of this area. 3 (6)

Answer Large steel works (4089) and heavy
Engineering works (397902) with associated Railway sidings and chimneys giving rise to a smoke filled atmosphere (until Clean Air Legislation) High density terraced housing with little open space or gardens (Tinsley 4090) Canal (Sheffield and Tinsley) running through the area – an important means of transport at one time Areas of derelict land could be in the open spaces of the map.

2004 Past Paper Using map evidence, describe and explain the physical and human factors that encouraged industry to locate in area A ( , )

Answer Access to rail network
Large areas of flat land Ease of construction Room for expansion Proximity to major docks Opportunities for import of raw materials Export opportunities for finished products Access to motorway network (M49), linking M4 and M5 Good transport links for workforce (densely populated area relatively nearby) Main links to Wales and other parts of the UK Access to rail network Including rail stations providing transport links for workforce Numerous sidings for goods Proximity to the airport University - Research assistance - Skilled labour

Describe and explain the impact of industry on the environment of an old industrial area such as that shown in Reference Diagram Q8A.

Old Industrial Landscape
Air – pollution from coal burning factories, railway engines and houses. Smoke, dust, soot and smog discolouring buildings and affecting the health of the people living in close proximity to their work. (High incidence of lung diseases like bronchitis). Water – untreated effluent and sewage from the buildings entering the local streams with resulting damage to ecosystems. Land – subsidence and land slippage due to mining and waste tipping with little control/health and safety laws. (Aberfan). Buildings – closely packed communities of housing/factories/transport. High population densities and overcrowding leading to poor environmental quality – little greenery or open space. Tall, brick factories with metal gratings over windows, chimneys etc – poor visual quality.

For South Wales, or any other industrial concentration in the EU, describe and explain the main location factors that influence the location of new industrial developments. (8 marks)

Physical factors Flat land for easy construction of large low factory buildings. Room for future expansion; space for car parking and storage. Human factors Proximity to markets ie large urban areas. On edge of urban area for cheaper land costs/rent and proximity to labour force in housing estates/suburbs. Close to other modern industries that supply components or provide a market. Close to motorways/main roads-easy access for deliveries/work force. Close to airports ie for foreign executives. Close to ports for export/import. Close to universities ie source of highly skilled employees and possible partners in research projects. Government and EU incentives/grants.

For South Wales, or any other industrial concentration in the European Union which you have studied, describe the physical and human factors which led to the growth of traditional industries before 1950. (8 marks)

Iron ore provided the raw material for early ironworks
Coal mining saw South Wales emerge as a major industrial centre of the Industrial Revolution Limestone was also found locally for the iron and steel works in the valleys Large seams of coal were easily mined from the valley sides and from below the valley floors Routeways could follow the valleys leading down to coastal ports like Cardiff Cardiff and Swansea developed ports around their natural bays for export of coal and manufactured goods around the world The British Empire provided a huge and protected market for coal and steel products from British industrial areas such as South Wales Labour supply was provided by people migrating from rural Wales and surrounding areas of rural England.

Describe and explain the methods used to attract newer industries and investments to South Wales, or to any other industrial concentration in the European Union which you have studied.

Creation of Enterprise Zones (Swansea, Milford Haven) and their associated benefits
Designation of Development Area status for old coal mining areas Setting up of Welsh Development Agency (WDA) in 1976, to attract high quality investment into Wales Urban Development Corporation (UDC) in Cardiff and its associated benefits Construction of New Town, Cwmbran (1949) Relocation of specific government offices, eg DVLA in Swansea Encouraging inward investment from abroad, eg Sony, Bosch, Lucky Goldstar EU (creation of EU itself provides huge European market for goods) Joining EC (EU) opened up a huge source of funds available to outlying areas – ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), EIB (European Investment Bank), ESF (European Social Fund) etc and their associated benefits Improved infrastructure – the Heads of the Valleys Road.

Industry.

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Industry.

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