1. Children Suicide Bombers In The Middle East Terrorism by Dina Catson Saratov State University

2. Historical background The beginning of Intifada II (October, 2000) - a beginning of using children in terrorists’ activity The beginning of Intifada II (October, 2000) - a beginning of using children in terrorists’ activity

3. The Laws about children Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/israelpalestinianchildren120366.htmlhttp://www.israelnewsagency.com/ The Convention on the Rights of the Child(CRC, 1989), Additional Protocols to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 1998 set 15 as the minimum age for recruitment or use in armed conflict. The Art.4 (CRC): “armed groups that are distinct from the armed forces of a state should not use children in armed conflict.

4. Palestinian Authority, 2002 Palestinian, 17 years old, attacked at the hitchhiking stop in the French Hill (June 19, 2002). 7 citizens were killed and 37 injured. Palestinian, 17 years old, attacked at the hitchhiking stop in the French Hill (June 19, 2002). 7 citizens were killed and 37 injured. 17 years old teens carried out a suicide attack(January 25, 2002) 23 people were injured. Source: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2003/1/participation%20of%20children%20and%20teenagers%2 0in%20terrori Source: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2003/1/participation%20of%20children%20and%20teenagers%2 0in%20terrori

5. Palestinian Authority, 2002 (continued) A 15 year old girl (April 2002) planned to carry out a suicide attack with the help of her uncle who recruited her to the Fatah's Al-Aqsa Brigades. A 15 year old girl (April 2002) planned to carry out a suicide attack with the help of her uncle who recruited her to the Fatah's Al-Aqsa Brigades. A 13 year old youth is suspected A 13 year old youth is suspected of having been recruited (March, 2002) in order to perpetrate a suicide attack within Israel. in order to perpetrate a suicide attack within Israel. The attack was prevented A school backpack containing explosive devices ready for use Source:http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/ Source:http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2003/1/participation%20of%20children%20and%20teenagers%20in%20terrori

6. These examples are only a few elements of the systematic preparation of children to carry out terrorists’ attack.

7. Analysis of the causes of children terrorism in Palestinian Authority Mass-media Mass-media Mass-media Education process Education process Education process Education process Culture Culture Culture Political leadership Political leadership Political leadership Political leadership Approval of terrorism from the the parents Approval of terrorism from the the parents Approval of terrorism from the parents Approval of terrorism from the parents Religious leadership Religious leadership Religious leadership Religious leadership Economic factor Economic factor Economic factor Economic factor Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html

8. Mass-Media Influence clear-planned propagation of film- clips for children, teaching them that violence and Shahada are role models which are expected of them. clear-planned propagation of film- clips for children, teaching them that violence and Shahada are role models which are expected of them. Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/israelpalestinianchildren120366.html Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/israelpalestinianchildren120366.html

9. Mass Media Influence Children’s Internet magazine “Al- Fateh” " Suicide Bomber Zainab Abu Salem: Her head separated from her pure body, and her Ra'ala (Muslim headscarf) remains to decorate (her face). Her place is in paradise, where in the highest heavens, Zainab... sister (who has been raised to the level) of men.". Source: Frankfurter, David. “Headless hostess, Hamas-style” ( November 1, 2004) Source: Frankfurter, David. “Headless hostess, Hamas-style” ( November 1, 2004) http://web.israelinsider.com/Views/4329.htm http://web.israelinsider.com/Views/4329.htmhttp://web.israelinsider.com/Views/4329.htm

10. Educational process Textbooks Class lessons Summer camps University Source:http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html Source:http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html

11. Educational process "The Poem of the Shahid" : “By your life! I see my death, but I hasten my steps towards it.. By your life! This is the death of men, and who asks for a noble death – here it is…” “By your life! I see my death, but I hasten my steps towards it.. By your life! This is the death of men, and who asks for a noble death – here it is…” from schoolbooks for grades 5, 6, 7, and 12. Source: Marcus, Itamar. “Ask for Death!"” Source: Marcus, Itamar. “Ask for Death!"” http://www.pmw.org.il/ASK%20FOR%20DEATH.htm http://www.pmw.org.il/ASK%20FOR%20DEATH.htmhttp://www.pmw.org.il/ASK%20FOR%20DEATH.htm

12. Educational process (continued) Summer camps The camp’s participants come to the home of the Shahids The camp’s participants come to the home of the Shahids Displaying the pictures of “martyrs” during teaching history of Islam Displaying the pictures of “martyrs” during teaching history of Islam Train in the use of weapons for future terrorist attacks against Israel. Train in the use of weapons for future terrorist attacks against Israel. Phenomenon of children participating in parades while dressed as "martyrs" Phenomenon of children participating in parades while dressed as "martyrs" Source:http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildre n120314.html Source:http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildre n120314.html

13. Educational process (continued) Textbooks Class lessons Summer camps University Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html

14. Culture Songs Songs Necklace-pendants with pictures of Palestinian suicide bombers Necklace-pendants with pictures of Palestinian suicide bombers Source:http://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universal Source:http://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universalhttp://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universa The text on the posters reads: “The Fatah Movement... proudly eulogize their heroine Martyr, from the Alamari refugee camp, the martyr Wafa Idris.” camp, the martyr Wafa Idris.”

15. Political leadership Jasser Arafat presented the actions of children who intentionally died as Shahids as model of behavior Jasser Arafat presented the actions of children who intentionally died as Shahids as model of behavior Source: http://www.phrmg.org/news.htm Source: http://www.phrmg.org/news.htm

16. Political leadership Jasser Arafat words: “ this child, who is grasping the stone, facing the tank, is it not the greatest message to the world when that hero becomes a Shahid ? We are proud of them…“ Source: PA official daily, Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, (Nov. 30, 2000, Feb. 3, 2001) Source: PA official daily, Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, (Nov. 30, 2000, Feb. 3, 2001)

17. Parent’s approval Shahid Mothers’ words Mother of 17-year-old Shahid, Mother of 17-year-old Shahid, who killed 5 Israeli teenagers: who killed 5 Israeli teenagers: “If I allow my son to change his mind it would not be right. I do not want to follow mother’s feelings. I mean: I sacrificed him for something greater. “If I allow my son to change his mind it would not be right. I do not want to follow mother’s feelings. I mean: I sacrificed him for something greater. Source: PATV, (September 24, 2002). Source: PATV, (September 24, 2002). Even something like this is connected to motherhood. How? Because I love my son...” my son...” Source: http://www.pmw.org.il/ASK%20FOR%20DEATH.htm Source: http://www.pmw.org.il/ASK%20FOR%20DEATH.htmhttp://www.pmw.org.il/ASK%20FOR%20DEATH.htm

18. Religious leadership Through religion classes and televised sermons children are called to kill Jews, especially through suicide bombings. Through religion classes and televised sermons children are called to kill Jews, especially through suicide bombings. Teaching that seeking death for Allah as Teaching that seeking death for Allah as a Shahid is every Moslem’s duty Source:http://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universa Source:http://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universahttp://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universahttp://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universa

19. Religious leadership “we blow ourselves up willingly and as our duty …’ We will blow Jews up... so that Allah will make us masters over this riff-raff We will fight against them and rule over them Blessings upon he who educates his sons in the path of Jihad and Shahada!” Source: Source: Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Madi, Friday sermon, PATV, (August 3, 2001)

20. Economic factor Existing of unemployment and poverty of the majority of the Palestinians (annual income of the PA is $1,350) Existing of unemployment and poverty of the majority of the Palestinians (annual income of the PA is $1,350) Arab Liberation Front, a Palestinian group pays: $500 for a wound $500 for a wound $1,000 for disability $1,000 for disability $10,000 to the family of each martyr $10,000 to the family of each martyr $25,000 to the family of every martyr suicide bomber.. $25,000 to the family of every martyr suicide bomber..

21. Analysis of the causes of children terrorism in Palestinian Authority (continued) Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html  None of listed theories can’t be correct taken separately from others  Terrorism is caused by negative influence in all spheres of social life.

22. Prospective сonnection of terrorism in PA with other countries to support PA’s budget PA has received: received: from the EU $4,9billion from the EU $4,9billion From the UK $47 million From the UK $47 million Summer camps named after Shahids were funded by UNICEF (“Shahid camp in Dir Al- Ballah”, “Shahids of Chattin”) Summer camps named after Shahids were funded by UNICEF (“Shahid camp in Dir Al- Ballah”, “Shahids of Chattin”) Source:http://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universa Source:http://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universahttp://www.pmw.org.il/murder.htm#universa

23. Ways of explanation First: UN, EU, UK, US pays no attention to a problem of financing of terrorism in PA. First: UN, EU, UK, US pays no attention to a problem of financing of terrorism in PA. Second: terrorism intentionally is supported and intentionally turned a blind eye to the anti-Israeli propagation: Second: terrorism intentionally is supported and intentionally turned a blind eye to the anti-Israeli propagation: - supporting is used to receive the certain control above terrorism (reduce support to reduce terrorism ) - supporting is used to receive the certain control above terrorism (reduce support to reduce terrorism )

24. The results as the proofs of the preparation of children to terrorist's activity. Global Report of Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 2004: " there was no evidence of systematic recruitment of children by Palestinian armed groups” Global Report of Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 2004: " there was no evidence of systematic recruitment of children by Palestinian armed groups” Source: Source: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2003/1/participati on%20of%20children%20and%20teenagers%20in%20terrori

25. The Palestinian children attitude to the Intifada Sociological polls Sociological polls on 1,000 teenagers between the ages of 9–16 in the Gaza Strip: - First - April, 2001 Dr. Fatsil Abu Hin, produced a poll carried out in the Islamic University -Second - in 2002 Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html

26. First poll: April, 2001 49% claimed to have taken an active part in the intifada 49% claimed to have taken an active part in the intifada 90% expressed their desire to participate in intifada activities 90% expressed their desire to participate in intifada activities 73% expressed the desire to be a "shahid" 73% expressed the desire to be a "shahid"

27. Second poll in 2002 an increase of children's aspiration for becoming shahids by 6-7%! an increase of children's aspiration for becoming shahids by 6-7%! Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/israelpalestinianchildren120366.html Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/israelpalestinianchildren120366.html

28. The results as the proofs of the preparation children to terrorist's activity Israeli Defence Force’s (IDF) data of the involvement of Palestinian children in suicide bombings: 40 prevented suicide attacks, 40 prevented suicide attacks, 31 suicide attacks (20% of all) were not prevented, 31 suicide attacks (20% of all) were not prevented, 22 shootings attacks and attacks using explosive devices. 22 shootings attacks and attacks using explosive devices.

29. The results as the proofs of the preparation children to terrorist's activity New York Times reports: “25,000 children were trained to use of firearms, the making of Molotov cocktails, the methods of kidnapping”. “25,000 children were trained to use of firearms, the making of Molotov cocktails, the methods of kidnapping”. Source: New York Times ( Aug. 3, 2000) Source: New York Times ( Aug. 3, 2000) One omissions in IDF's data: - the IDF has killed 550 children compared to only 106 Israeli children killed by Palestinians.. - the IDF has killed 550 children compared to only 106 Israeli children killed by Palestinians.. Source: “ Palestinians Again Use Children for Terror Against Israel”, Israel News Agency Staff, http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html http://www.israelnewsagency.com/palestinianterrorismchildren120314.html

30. Distribution of Palestinian fatalities across age and gender Palestinians killed in the al-Aqsa conflict have been basically male, and for the most part teenagers. Source: http://www.ict.org.il/articles/researchdet.cfm?researchid=2 Source: http://www.ict.org.il/articles/researchdet.cfm?researchid=2

31. Distribution of Palestinian fatalities across age and gender (continued). Noncombatants not always were passive victims of Israel. Noncombatants not always were passive victims of Israel. The element of self-selection The element of self-selection

32. The reactions Human Rights Organization: "Using children to carry out or assist in armed attacks of any kind is an abomination. We call on the Palestinian leadership to publicly denounce these practices... Human Rights Organization: "Using children to carry out or assist in armed attacks of any kind is an abomination. We call on the Palestinian leadership to publicly denounce these practices... UN, Sweden condemned UN, Sweden condemned using children by terrorist’s groups  PA does little to destroy the phenomenon. phenomenon. Source: http://www.gamla.org.il/english/article/2000/oct/s2.htm Source: http://www.gamla.org.il/english/article/2000/oct/s2.htm

33. Conclusion Using children as suicide bombers doesn’t cause great military damage → the goal isn’t to kill as many as possible ― The goal is to manipulate local and global public opinion

34. What can be done? It’s necessary to destroy “the culture” of children terrorism. destroy “the culture” of children terrorism. create a law which would impose a penalty for propagation of terrorism and hatred against other create a law which would impose a penalty for propagation of terrorism and hatred against other create some control of the educational process by correcting the content of the courses and raising the level of teacher’s training create some control of the educational process by correcting the content of the courses and raising the level of teacher’s training

35. What can be done? It’s necessary to orientate children to the fact that Koran forbids suicide orientate children to the fact that Koran forbids suicide overcome economic problems in part if the funds which other country give PA would go to the economics of the PA, which wouldn’t include any support for terrorism, even indirect. overcome economic problems in part if the funds which other country give PA would go to the economics of the PA, which wouldn’t include any support for terrorism, even indirect.

36. THE END Source: http://www.israelnewsagency.com/israelpalestinianchildren120366.html