2. Fascism

3. Fascism
a right wing ideology which emphasizes the needs of the state over those of the individual

4. Fascism extreme nationalism militarism imperialism racism autocracy
glorification of the past

5. Italy
the first fascist state in Europe
leader : Mussolini (Il Duce)

6. Why Fascism in Italy???
it promised to bring economic and political order to the chaotic state
it promised to return Italy to greatness
it promised to control communist agitation

7. March on Rome Mussolini marches to power
the Italian government was weak and divided
there was some genuine support for fascism
the king did not declare martial law

8. paramilitary forces hired thugs used to intimidate all opposition
Artist: Enrico Prampolini
Title: Mussolini's Blackshirts, 15 April 1919
paramilitary forces
hired thugs
used to intimidate all opposition
showpieces of pageantry and nationalist symbolism
the Black Shirts

9. Mussolini use of emergency dictatorial powers killing of opponents
banning all opposition parties
giving Il Duce absolute power
concordat with the Vatican

10. Mussolini and the Catholic Church
Lateran Treaties
recognized the Pope as head of the Church
the Catholic Church became the official religion of Italy
the Pope recognized the Fascist gov’t
this gave Mussolini credibility

11. Fascist Italy’s Foreign Policy
Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
Spanish Civil War
closer ties with Germany and Japan
(Axis Pact and Anti-Comintern Pact)

12. Germany (1919 - 1923) instability of the Weimar Government
reparation payments = hyperinflation
several attempts to overthrow the gov’t
rise of extremist groups

13. Treaty of Versailles
Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) led to the popularity of any political party promising to make Germany strong again

14. Fear of Communism
1919 Spartacist revolt = fear of a communist revolution
the Nazis promised to eliminate the communists = support from the middle class and industrialists

15. Dissatisfaction with the Weimar Government
“69 Years of Tribute”
it signed the Treaty of Versailles
inability to pull Germany out of the Great Depression after 1929
Coal is Bread

16. French Invasion of the Ruhr
when Germany could not pay reparation payments France sent forces into the Ruhr
they confiscated coal and shipped it to France
this lead to hyperinflation in Germany

17. Hyperinflation Price index July 1914 1.0 Jan 1919 2.6 July 1919 3.4
12.6
Jan 1921
14.4
July 1921
14.3
Jan 1922
36.7
July 1922
100.6
Jan 1923
2,785
July 1923
194,000
Nov 1923
726,000,000,000
1920: A 50 Mark Note:
(a reasonable denomination)
1923: A 20 TRILLION Mark Note:
("Milliarden" means a million million)

18. Munich Putsch
1923 – seeking to overthrow the gov’t of Bavaria Hitler led an coup
It failed; he was jailed (yes it rhymes)

19. Mein Kampf
after being sentenced to prison for the Munich Putsch Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

20. charismatic appeal of Hitler
very popular and mesmerizing speaker
promised what the Germans wanted to hear

21. the Great Depression crisis theory
economic hardship meant Germans leaned to the far left and far right (Communism or Fascism)

22. SA
brown shirts
hired thugs (paramilitary force)

23. NSDAP National Socialist German Worker’s Party
“Nazis” was originally a derogatory nickname

24. Article 48
Article 48 of the Weimar constitution allowed the President to govern by decree during a national emergency
it was used frequently between and Hitler used it to manipulate the March national elections

25. President von Hindenburg
President of the Weimar Republic from
he was sympathetic toward the Nazi because of their goal to make Germany stronger and their anti-communist stance

26. The Reichstag Fire February 1933
the German parliament buildings were destroyed by fire
Hitler blamed the Communists
Article 48 was used to restrict the electoral activities of the opposition parties

27. Yes! The Enabling Act Leader we follow you! March 1933
Hitler used intimidation to force the passage of the Enabling Act
this gave him emergency dictatorial powers for 4 years
Leader we follow you!

28. lebensraum “living space”
Germany needed room for its expanded population

29. heimat a chance to create a racially pure state (aryan race)
how do you get rid of non-aryans

30. Nuremburg Laws defined German citizenship on racial grounds
non-aryans were not granted citizenship
the creation on a heimat implied the removal of non-aryans

31. Night of the Broken Glass
Kristallnacht
Jewish shops were destroyed and goods confiscated

32. Holocaust
genocide
concentration camps
extermination camps

33. SS
Black Shirts
replaced the SA
associated with concentration camps

34. Clip from America in the 20th Century: World War II: The Road to War (2003)
Approximately 3 mins

35. Night of the Long Knives
upper leadership of the SA were executed
Hitler perceived them as a threat to his leadership
“They salute with both hands now”

36. Nazi Plans labour unions public works economic planning
transportation system

37. The German Worker’s Front
labour unions
labour unions outlawed
strikes banned
the government created “Labour Front”
At a time like today
We remain Comrades
The German Worker’s Front

38. All Germany hears the leader
public works
nation-wide public works programs to reduce unemployment
All Germany hears the leader
with the radio

39. economic planning Germany lives 4 year plans
encouraged the growth of large corporations
the economy was largely based on war economy
Germany lives

40. transportation system
modern transportation system was built
massive highway system (Autobahns)
National paved highway