RESIDENTIAL FALL HAZARDS

RESIDENTIAL FALL HAZARDS
Susan Harwood Training Grant

Susan Harwood Training Grant
This material was produced under grant number SH from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Residential Construction Fall Hazards
Today, there’s no reason for this worker to work like this … All sites have unprotected sides and edges, wall openings, or floor holes at some point during construction.

And, this open-sided stairwell opening must be protected. Each employee on walking/working surfaces shall be protected from falling through holes

The worker on the right, connects a floor joist to the header joist as the co-worker attaches the joist to the nailing plate on the steel girder. Both workers are exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more above the lower level and both workers are without fall protection. These workers are installing a floor joist to a header. Both workers are exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more without fall protection

This worker is standing on the top plate of an interior wall to set a roof rafter. He is at risk of falling to the interior of the house. The fall distance would be even greater if the worker would fall to the outside of the home. This worker is standing on the top plate to set a roof rafter. The worker is exposed to an interior and exterior fall hazard.

Each employee on walking/working surfaces shall be protected from falling through openings

What you will learn The worker will be able to identify fall hazards on residential construction worksites The worker will be able to identify corrective actions for fall hazards during different phases of construction The worker will be able to use this resource to recognize best, safe work practices This program will emphasize OSHA’s Subpart M: Fall Protection as well as pertinent parts of Subpart L: Scaffold and Subpart X: Stairways and Ladders. The residential fall protection training material has been developed in such a way to focus on phase of residential construction and associated fall hazards. This will enable contractors and employees to not only identify hazards but to also identify how to prevent and control these hazards. The interactive nature of the training will help contractors and employees to relate hazards by phase of construction and systematically understand requirements of OSHA regulations for prevention and control of fall hazards.

Course Overview Intent of this course
Prevent falls through a focus on safe work practices Identify fall hazards present during each phase of construction Identify techniques and the equipment necessary to work safely on residential construction sites when exposed to fall hazards. The intent of this course is to prevent falls through a focus on safe work practices, techniques and the equipment necessary to work safely on residential construction sites when exposed to fall hazards. Fall prevention and fall protection can mean many different things. In the broadest sense fall protection means protecting people from injury or death caused by falls or from being struck by falling objects. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have made an extensive study of falls and the best means of protecting employees from fall hazards. Their recommendations form the basis for fall protection regulations. These recommendations can be summarized as follows: Incorporate safety in all aspects of work planning. Identify all fall hazards at a worksite. Conduct regular safety inspections. Train employees in recognizing and avoiding unsafe conditions. Provide employees with appropriate protection equipment and train them in its proper

Course Overview What this course is not intended to do
Replace worksite specific, fall hazard training on your current and future worksites Address all fall hazards on your current and future worksites Address all types of fall protection that you will be using on the worksite

“We cannot tolerate workers getting killed in residential construction when effective means are readily available to prevent those deaths.” “Fatalities from falls are the number one cause of workplace deaths in construction.” Dr. David Michaels, Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA Workers should not have to pay with their lives trying to make a living. Especially when we know that the means to protect them from falls are readily available.

http://www. osha. gov/dts/vtools/construction/reroofing_fnl_eng_web

Residential Fall Protection Requirements
Effective September 15, 2012, employers utilizing alternative fall protection found in the rescinded 1999 Interim Fall Protection Compliance Guidelines for Residential Construction will be subject to OSHA citations if they fail to comply with 29 CFR (b)(13).

Why the rescission of the Interim Fall Protection Compliance Guidelines ? Never intended to be a permanent resolution. Fall protection is safe and feasible for the vast majority of residential construction activities. The residential fall protection requirements have always been established in Subpart M at 29 CFR (b)(13). Statistics still show that fatalities from falls are consistently high for residential construction activities. And, the Agency never intended the old directive to be a permanent policy. All along, OSHA stated that the guidance would remain in effect until further notice or until completion of a new formal rulemaking effort. And since that time, there have been significant advances in the types and capability of commercially available fall protection equipment available for use in residential construction.

Under the new directive employers must follow (b)(13). (b)(13) states … workers “engaged in residential construction activities 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail systems, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system.” … or, by alternative fall protection measures allowed under (b) for particular types of work. Basically, the new directives simply states that all employers must protect their workers who are engaged in residential construction 6 feet or more, above lower levels by conventional fall protection systems (guardrail systems, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system). … or, by other fall protection measures allowed under (b) for particular types of work. Gone are the special alternative procedures allowed under the old directive for certain residential construction activities. Slide guards or safety monitor systems were allowed in lieu of conventional fall protection without first demonstrating infeasibility or the creation of a greater hazard. The new directive has not outlawed the use of slide guards or safety monitors. Now, employers must first demonstrate that it is infeasible to comply with the provisions of the standard, or that it creates a greater hazard. Then they can use those systems as part of a written, site-specific fall protection plan that meets the requirements of (k). More simply put, all employers doing residential construction must now comply with 29 CFR (b)(13).

Fall Protection Systems
Conventional Fall Protection Systems Specialized Fall Protection Systems Guardrails Personal Fall Arrest Systems Safety Nets Hole Covers Safety Monitor Warning Line Controlled Access Zones Fall Protection Plan Ask the students which of the two types of systems they think seems safer.

Conventional Fall Protection Systems
First we’ll look at guardrail systems as defined in (b). Guardrail Systems (b)

Guardrail Systems (b) Requirements for guardrail systems include: Top rails 42” +/- 3” Must withstand 200 pounds – (b)(1) & (b)(3) Mid rails halfway Must withstand 150 pounds – (b)(2)(i) & (b)(5) Guardrail surface to prevent punctures, lacerations and the snagging of clothing – (b)(6) No steel or plastic banding – (b)(8) Guardrail systems are designed to prevent workers from falling. Once properly installed, guardrails are sometimes referred to as “passive fall protection.” That means it requires no action by the worker to be safe as long as the system is properly maintained. And remember, whenever there’s a possibility for objects to fall on workers below, you must install toe boards.

Workers are exposed to fall hazards as they grasp sheathing.
Most residential roofs are sheathed with plywood, foam, or OSB panels. These workers are exposed to serious fall hazards as they grasp sheathing with one hand. A loss of grip or the movement of unsecured sheathing could cause a worker to slip and fall more than 20 feet. Workers are exposed to fall hazards as they grasp sheathing. Slide guards are not fall protection

Rake edge and eave fall hazards
Slide guards can provide better footing when working on sloped roofs, but they should never be used on roofs with this steep of a slope. This worker is relying on the 2”X4” slide guard to prevent him from slipping and sliding as he felt papers the roof. While slideguards may prevent sliding, they will not protect workers from falling. The rake edge (click to have image fly-in) also presents a serious fall hazard when unprotected. Rake edge and eave fall hazards While slide guards may prevent sliding, they will not protect workers from falling

Guardrail Systems Here we see a 2nd floor perimeter completely protected by a guard rail system. 2nd floor perimeter completely protected by a guardrail system.

Guardrail Systems And from this angle we can see a pre-fabricated wall panel in position to be installed from within a fully protected area. The potential for a fall to the exterior in this instance has been eliminated. A pre-fabricated wall panel positioned for installation behind a fully protected area

Guardrail Systems Here are guardrails that were either positioned prior to, or after, sheathing and left in place for the follow along trades to do their job. Proper coordination can lead to one system serving the needs of several trades. Guardrails positioned prior to sheathing and left in place. Proper coordination can serve the needs of several trades.

During framing activities on residential construction sites, workers are exposed to many interior fall hazards. Some of the most common are staircases, stairway openings, and unprotected sides of floors. The landing at the top of the stairs is more than 6 feet above the lower level and has no guardrails in place. The staircase is also missing the required guardrails. The landing at the top of the stairs is more than 6 feet above and has no guardrails in place. The staircase is also missing the required guardrails.

staircases, stairway openings, and unprotected sides of floors
Guardrail Systems staircases, stairway openings, and unprotected sides of floors

Guardrail Systems Here is a properly installed guardrail using a “safety boot” system to position the uprights installed during framing. properly installed guard/hand rails using a “safety boot” system to position the uprights installed during framing.

Guardrail Systems Brackets for engineered guardrail systems can either be side mounted or deck mounted. Install according to manufacturer instructions or the recommendations of a registered professional engineer for proper installation. The ability to be either side mounted or deck mounted allows flexibility to employers when using the engineered guardrail systems we just observed. Either way, consult the manufacturer’s instructions or a registered professional engineer to ensure proper installation.

In this slide we see re-roofing activities being performed behind guardrails.
The picture on the right lacks protection for the rake edge so another means of protecting this worker (safety nets or Personal Fall Arrest System) must be used. Note: no protection for the rake edge so some means of protecting this worker (guardrail, safety nets or PFAS) must be used.

Lastly we’ll take a look at what may be the most widely used form of fall protection used in residential construction … “Personal Fall Arrest Systems. ”Personal Fall Arrest System must: Be designed so an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet, nor contact any lower levels (d)(16)(iii) Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (d)(16)(iv) And, have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free-falling a distance of 6 feet, or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less (d)(16)(v) Personal Fall Arrest Systems (d)

Personal Fall Arrest System
A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) must include the following components: Anchorage Body Harness Connector/Lanyard There are three primary components to a Personal Fall Arrest System. We have: The anchorage point The body harness, and The connector or lanyard These three components are commonly referred to as the ABC’s of fall protection. We’ll take a detailed look at each of these components.

Personal Fall Arrest System Anchor Point
(d)(15): Anchorages for attachment of PFAS must be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per employee under supervision of a qualified person. installed according to manufacturer – PFAS system needs to maintain a safety factor of at least two. Proper installation of the Anchorage point is critical to the success of this system. It must be designed and installed to support the amount of force that would be applied to it if a worker fell. Consulting the manufacturer’s instructions or a registered professional engineer will ensure this critical component is properly installed and maintained.

This photo shows a manufactured anchor system that is being used with a Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) until floor sheeting is secured to the joists; providing a walking/working surface. manufactured anchor system that is being used with a PFAS until floor sheeting is secured to the joists

This photo shows an approved, elevated mounting bracket to be used with a Self-Retracting Lifeline (SRL) system anchorage that is used to work on a floor edge that is moving. The SRL and elevated mounting bracket allows 360° of use. This system is typically used on walking/working surfaces while a surface is being built and/or erected. An approved elevated mounting bracket to be used with a Self-Retracting Lifeline (SRL) system anchorage that is used to work on a floor edge that is moving

D-Ring Anchor Point for use at roof peak or rafter/truss

Installation of anchors
Video (ROOFING): This diagram illustrates safe distance of travel for a particular anchor point. More than one anchor point may be necessary to limit swing distances. More than one anchor would be needed for each additional worker Installation of anchors More than one anchor point may be necessary to limit swing distances. An anchor is needed for each worker 35

This photo demonstrates the ability to use conventional-type fall protection while sheeting the roof truss system.

PFAS in use during roofing and re-roofing activities.
Next, the Full Body Harness – Here we see Personal Fall Arrest System in use during roofing and re-roofing operations. PFAS in use during roofing and re-roofing activities.

Personal Fall Arrest System Full Body Harness
A full body harness distributes the force of the fall over the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders A full body harness is designed to minimize the impact on the body during a fall by distributing the force of the fall over the entire torso. And remember, body belts have not been allowed as part of an arrest system since Jan They can still be used as part of a fall restraint system, and we’ll cover that in just a few moments.

The attachment point on a full body harness is a D-ring in the center of your upper back. Be sure to use a size that fits properly Workers must be trained in the proper wear and use of the body harness. They are not a one size fits all component. Proper sizing is critical to preventing injuries. The harness must fit snugly across the chest and around the thighs and the D-ring must be positioned in the center of the back between the shoulder blades. Employers must ensure workers use a size that fits properly.

Inspection What is this worker doing?

Inspection Look for same damage as on lanyards
HARNESSES Look for same damage as on lanyards Also, deformed or damaged hardware, grommets and buckles LANYARDS Look for frayed or broken strands Also, burns, cuts, and hard spots from chemical damage

Which one of these workers is wearing his harness correctly? The one on left … or the one on the right? Personal Fall Arrest System Full Body Harness Which worker is wearing the harness correctly?

Connector / Lanyard Snaphooks must be locking type – 1926.502(d)(5).
Now for the device that ties the anchorage and the body harness together … the connector or lanyard. Dee-rings and snap hooks shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds. Snap hooks must be size compatible with the connection point to prevent unintentional disengagement, or shall be a locking type snap hook. Unless the snap hook is a locking type and designed for the following connections, snap hooks shall not be engaged: Directly to webbing, rope or wire rope; ( (d)(6)(i)) To each other; ( (d)(6)(ii)) To a Dee-ring to which another snap hook or other connector is attached; ( (d)(6)(iii)) To a horizontal lifeline; ( (d)(6)(iv)) or, To any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snap hook such that unintentional disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress the snap hook keeper and release itself. ( (d)(6)(v)) Snaphooks must be locking type – (d)(5). Never hook two snaphooks together unless designed for that purpose – (d)(6)

It is important to understand that using an anchor point on a single truss that is not connected to the other trusses can be extremely dangerous. A falling worker attached to a single truss could easily cause a domino effect where all the trusses on the structure collapse, possibly on top of the falling worker. A truss system where a portion of the roof is sheathed (the first complete row of sheathing is secured) and braced can provide a safe anchor point. A truss system braced and the first row of sheathing secured can provide a safe anchor point. Note: This is not safe to use until the trusses are secured

Perhaps the safest alternative to use during sheathing operations is a personal fall arrest system.
There are several different types and configurations of personal fall arrest systems and positioning devices available for use during sheathing tasks. The worker installing OSB is using a vertical lifeline, a rope-grab lanyard, and a full body harness. This type of safe alternative allows the worker to move freely on the roof while also having both hands to perform job tasks. The worker is keeping the OSB in front of him to prevent a fall forward to the interior of the house, and the personal fall arrest system keeps him from falling off the roof to the outside. Notice the truss on which the anchor point is installed has been both braced and partially sheathed to provide a 5000-pound or two times the intended impact load anchor point. The worker installing OSB is using a vertical lifeline, a rope-grab lanyard, and a full body harness

PFAS in use during roofing and gutter installation
Next, the Full Body Harness – Here we see Personal Fall Arrest System in use during roofing and re-roofing operations. PFAS in use during roofing and gutter installation

Rescue Plan After a fall, a worker may not be able to rescue themselves and may remain suspended in a harness. A rescue plan should be in place to retrieve a suspended worker as soon as possible after a fall. A worker is at great risk of developing a condition known as "suspension trauma" if left suspended by a harness for a prolonged period. Suspension trauma is a serious condition and can even be fatal. Onset of symptoms of suspension trauma can occur as little as 5 minutes after a fall. Suspension trauma is a serious condition and can even be fatal. Onset of symptoms of suspension trauma can occur as little as 5 minutes after a fall. A rescue plan should be in place to retrieve a suspended worker as soon as possible after a fall. Make sure ladder trucks will be able to reach hanging workers. Or plan ahead for other ways to rescue them. Be sure medical and rescue teams will get there fast if needed. Products are available to limit the risk of suspension trauma after a fall.

Many times the nature and location of the work will dictate the form that fall protection takes. There are safety nets available for the residential construction industry. If the employer chooses to use a safety net system, he must comply with (c)(1-9) Safety Nets (c)

Safety Nets Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the surface on which employees are working Safety nets must be installed with sufficient clearance to prevent contact with the surface or structures under Safety nets and safety net installations must be drop-tested at the jobsite

Hole Covers (b)(4)

Hole Covers (b)(4)(i) and (ii) - Covers can be used to prevent workers from falling through holes. Vehicular traffic /foot traffic cover must support 2 times the maximum intended load Secured to prevent displacement Marked with the word “HOLE” or “COVER” or color coded

The workers framing and sheathing the wall section are not being protected from the large stairway opening left unprotected in the middle of the floor. Until the stairs and surrounding walls have been constructed, workers must be protected from this type of fall hazard. workers are not protected from the large unprotected opening in the middle of the floor

Personal Fall Restraint System
Although the standard does not mention personal fall restraint systems, OSHA has previously stated that it accepts a properly utilized fall restraint system in lieu of a personal fall arrest system when the restraint system is rigged in such a way that prevents the worker from being exposed to the fall hazard. Although the standard does not mention personal fall restraint systems, OSHA has previously stated that it accepts a properly utilized fall restraint system in lieu of a personal fall arrest system when the restraint system is rigged in such a way that the worker cannot get to the fall hazard.

Personal fall restraint is used mainly for edge work
Lanyards should be adjustable to take up slack when workers move about.

Must be tied off so that the worker cannot go past the unprotected side or edge.

Other Methods Allowed Under 1926.501(b)
(b)(2)(ii) - Controlled access zones and control lines can be used for some leading edge applications. (b)(10) - A combination of a warning line system and safety monitoring system can be used for roofing work on low-slope (4:12 or less) roofs. Or, on roofs 50-feet (15.25 m) or less in width, the use of a safety monitoring system without a warning line system is permitted. Here are some of the other fall protection measures allowed under (b) for particular types of work. (pause)

If the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use the required fall protection systems, the employer must instead develop and implement a written site specific fall protection plan in accordance with 29 CFR (k). The Agency does not consider "economic infeasibility" to be a basis for failing to provide conventional fall protection. Note: There is a presumption that it is feasible and will not create a greater hazard to implement at least one of the fall protection systems listed in 29 CFR (b)(13). OSHA expects that the fall protection methods listed in (b)(13) can be used without significant safety or feasibility problems for the vast majority of residential construction activities. The Agency has never been convinced that there are significant safety or feasibility problems with the use of conventional fall protection equipment for the vast majority of residential construction activities. But, we also acknowledge that there may be isolated situations where it may be infeasible or create a greater hazard to use conventional fall protection in residential construction. We believe that 29 CFR (b)(13) provides sufficient flexibility to accommodate employers in those rare situations.

Fall Protection Plan Safety Monitor Duties
For a safety monitoring system under (h) the monitor must: Be a competent person. Warn workers of fall dangers. Be on same working level and within visual sighting. Be close enough to communicate orally. Not have responsibilities which take attention away from monitoring. The safety monitor’s sole purpose is to monitor the workers who are exposed to a potential fall hazard. The safety monitor: Cannot have any other job which would distract them from monitoring. Must be a competent person. Must have the authority to stop other worker activities All workers in the CAZ must be directed to comply with the fall hazard warnings of the safety monitor.

Fall Protection Plan 1926.502(k)
If an employer can demonstrate that conventional fall protection is infeasible or presents a greater hazard the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan that complies with (k). The employer bears the burden of establishing that it is appropriate to implement a fall protection plan for a particular workplace situation. Hopefully we shared several ways workers can be protected while exposed to potential fall hazards. But, if employers can still demonstrate that using conventional fall protection is infeasible or presents a greater hazard to their employees, they must develop and implement a fall protection plan. Employers bear the burden of proving that a fall protection plan is needed for a particular workplace situation.

Under (k) the fall protection plan: Must be written. Must be site-specific. A written fall protection plan developed for repetitive use, e.g., for a particular style or model of home, will be considered site-specific with respect to a particular site only if it fully addresses all issues related to fall protection at that site. Therefore, a standardized plan will have to be reviewed, and revised as necessary, on a site by site basis. Employers must ensure the plan meets the requirements of 29 CFR (b)(13) and (k). Under (k) the plan: Must be written and be site specific. A Plan developed for repetitive use with a particular style home, must be reviewed to ensure it fully addresses all issues related to fall protection on each site it is used on.

The plan must be prepared by a “qualified person” (k)(1). "Qualified” means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project (m). (This could be the owner, supervisor, etc.). Be developed specifically for the site where the residential construction work is being performed – (k)(1). Must be maintained up to date – (k)(1). All changes shall be approved by a qualified person – (k)(2). The plan must be prepared by a “qualified person – ("Qualified” means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project); and, All changes to the plan must be approved by a qualified person.

Shall be maintained on the site – (k)(3). Shall be implemented under the supervision of a competent person – (k)(4). “Competent Person” means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them – (f). (This could be the owner, supervisor, etc.). Shall include documentation of reasons why conventional fall protection systems are infeasible or create a greater hazard – (k)(5). Shall include a written discussion of the alternative work practices to be used that will eliminate or reduce the possibility of a fall – (k)(6). Must be maintained on the site; … and be Implemented under the supervision of a competent person – ("Competent person" means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them). The plan must also document why conventional systems are infeasible or create a greater hazard. and it must include a written discussion of the alternative work practices that eliminate or reduce the possibility of a fall.

Shall identify each location where conventional fall protection systems cannot be used and designate them Controlled Access Zones (CAZ) – (k)(7). Implement a safety monitoring system in conformance with (h) where no other alternative measure has been implemented – (k)(8). Shall identify all workers designated to work in the CAZ – (k)(9). Shall be reviewed and updated as appropriate if a fall, or near miss, occurs – (k)(10). All locations where conventional systems cannot be used must be identified and be designated in the plan as controlled access zones. Must identify all workers authorized to work in the controlled access zones. and it must be reviewed if a fall, or near miss, occurs.

A sample plan is in Appendix E to Subpart M and can be OSHA included Appendix E in Subpart M to show employers and employees what a compliant fall protection plan might look like.

Other Work Methods Now we all know the first principle of mishap prevention is to “eliminate” the hazard whenever possible. If you can’t eliminate it, you then have to minimize its effect. We cannot eliminate working at heights in construction, but using ladders, scaffolds and aerial lifts can help employers eliminate some falls from six feet or higher. Employers also have the option of having workers work from Ladders Scaffolds Aerial lifts

Safe Use of Ladders Ladders should be inspected before use.
Ladders with loose, broken, or missing rungs, split or bent side rails or other defects, must be removed The base of a ladder’s side rails must rest on a firm, level footing Extension ladders need to have non-slip bases or spikes Ladders must be tied, blocked, or otherwise secured to prevent them from slipping. Step Ladders Must only use step ladders as designed to be used by manufacturer Never step on the top 2 steps Never use as a straight ladder Ladders Ladders of all types are used extensively in residential construction. Workers’ Compensation Board statistics show that falls, including those from ladders, are one of the highest causes of injury in this industry. Requirements for safe ladder use Ladders should be inspected before use. Ladders with loose, broken, or missing rungs, split or bent side rails or other defects, must be removed from service. The base of a ladder’s side rails must rest on a firm, level foundation. Non-self-supporting ladders (straight ladders) need to have non-slip bases or spikes, depending on the terrain. Such safety devices need to be maintained in good condition. The top of ladders must rest against a bearing surface of sufficient strength. When in use, portable ladders other than stepladders must be placed using a maximum 4 vertical to 1 horizontal ladder slope (see illustration on page 61). Portable ladders other than stepladders must be of sufficient length to project approximately 1 m (3 ft.) above the upper landing to which it provides access. Ladders must be tied, blocked, or otherwise secured to prevent them from slipping. It’s important that the right ladder is chosen for the job. Metal ladders or ladders with steel reinforcements must not be used where electrical hazards exist. Short sections of ladders must not be spliced together to make longer ladders. Ladders should never be used as scaffolding planks. If wooden ladders are coated, the coating should be clear. Ladders should not be placed in doorways, passageways, or other areas where they might interfere with other work activities. Heavy, bulky, or hazardous materials must not be carried when climbing ladders. Suitable hoisting equipment must be used for this purpose.

Ladders should be set up at 1:4 ratio; therefore, a 16ft
Ladders should be set up at 1:4 ratio; therefore, a 16ft. ladder should be 4ft from the structure that is supporting it. The ladder should extend 3ft. above the area where workers will climb onto and off of the ladder.

Securing the ladder to a stake firmly anchored in the ground will prevent a ladder from kicking out and sideways from the worker. Secure the top of the ladder by tying it to the structure.

ladder must extend a minimum of 36 inches above the walking surface.
The ladder must extend a minimum of 36 inches above the walking surface. Here we can see the worker holding onto the top of the pumpjack support post as he steps off the platform onto the top rung of the extension ladder. Ladder ladder must extend a minimum of 36 inches above the walking surface.

Other Work Methods Scaffolds (in compliance with Subpart L)

These scaffold systems are primarily used on the interior of buildings and can provide stable work platforms while framing, hanging board, and rolling trusses. these scaffold systems on the interior of buildings and can provide stable work platforms while framing, hanging board, and rolling trusses.

Insulated Concrete Forms known as ICF’s, shown here, are another popular type of formwork being used throughout the country. Once the forms have been assembled and secured, the walls are then filled with concrete, with the assistance of a concrete pumping truck. The worker, standing on top the formwork is exposed to a fall hazard as he fills the walls with concrete. the worker standing on top of the formwork is exposed to a fall hazard as he fills the walls with concrete.

The use of a scaffolding system is a safer way to increase the working height on a foundation wall. These workers installed a scaffold around the inside of the formwork. This scaffold has been designed to be used with this type of formwork. Likewise, other types of scaffolding (click for fly-in), when appropriately installed can be used to increase work heights during foundation wall work. Remember, all scaffolding requires a ladder to provide a safe means for access at any height, and guardrails are required after the planking rises above 10 feet. when appropriately installed can be used to increase work heights during foundation wall work. all scaffolding requires a ladder to provide a safe means for access at any height

Interior Scaffolds installed along the interior where the trusses/ rafters will be located.

These workers are installing trusses from a top plate scaffold.
These workers are installing trusses while working from a top plate scaffold. These workers are installing trusses from a top plate scaffold.

Some contractors are using these systems for rolling trusses and cutting rafter tails.
contractors are using these systems for rolling trusses, cutting rafter tails and hanging fascia.

example of a wall bracket, or top plate, scaffold system
Here are examples of wall bracket, or top plate scaffold systems. (pause) example of a wall bracket, or top plate, scaffold system

Pump-Jack Scaffolds Wood poles erected no higher than 30 ft.
Aluminum poles erected height according to manufacturer Tie off to building (base and top) Plank width, min. of 12 in. Work platform / Guardrails Maximum intended load for pump jack scaffolds is 500# Not more than two employees may be on a pump jack scaffold between any two supports at one time. Pump jacks are a popular system used by many contractors to install building wrap and siding. Some contractors have used different variations of the pump jack that allow them to jack it up to just under the fascia and be used as catch platforms. There the system can be used as perimeter protection while sheathing and roofing operations are performed.

The workers on this scaffold are also not protected from falls
The workers on this scaffold are also not protected from falls. Once above 10 feet, these workers must be protected from a fall by either a guardrail or a personal fall arrest system. (Click for next pic) Pumpjack scaffolds with wooden support poles are limited to a maximum height of 30 feet. Pumpjack posts made of aluminum or other non-wood material are limited in height based on the manufacturers requirements. Also, step ladders should not be used to increase the working height on any scaffold. Pumpjack scaffolds above 10 feet, these workers must be protected by a guardrail or a personal fall arrest system.

Aluminum pole pumpjack scaffolds
The workers on this scaffold are also not protected from falls. Once above 10 feet, these workers must be protected from a fall by either a guardrail or a personal fall arrest system. (Click for next pic) Pumpjack scaffolds with wooden support poles are limited to a maximum height of 30 feet. Also, step ladders should not be used to increase the working height on any scaffold. Aluminum pole pumpjack scaffolds step ladders should not be used on a scaffold.

Poles secured at the top by the use of rigid triangular bracing or equivalent.
(g)(1): Guardrails are required at all open sides and ends of scaffolds above 10 feet.

Pump jacks are a popular system used by many contractors to install building wrap and siding. Some contractors have used different variations of the pump jack that allow them to jack it up to just under the fascia and be used as catch platforms. There the system can be used as perimeter protection while sheathing and roofing operations are performed. using the work platform as a top rail and has installed a midrail along with end cap guardrails

Ladder Jack Scaffolds Ladders secured Only heavy-duty ladders
Work platform height cannot exceed 20 ft. Scaffold platforms must not be bridged together. Not be used by more than two workers on a single scaffold at any one time All ladder-jack scaffolds must: Be used only on heavy-duty ladders (with a maximum length of 6 m or 20 ft.), Be used only for light-duty operations such as painting and siding installation where the work period between changes of scaffold position is of short duration Not be used by more than two workers on a single scaffold at any one time Have supporting ladders firmly secured against displacement Ladder-jack scaffold stagings must: Be not less than 38 mm x 285 mm (2 in. x 12 in. nominal ) dimensions, supported at intervals not exceeding 3 m (10 ft.) if solid planks are used Be not less than 300 mm (12 in.) in width, supported at intervals not exceeding 7.3 m (24 ft.) if manufactured stagings are used Not incorporate extension stagings Ladder-jack safe work procedures: Each worker working off a ladder-jack scaffold which is 3 m (10 ft.) or more above grade must use a fall arrest system (see page 30), such as a harness attached to a firmly anchored lifeline. Trestle scaffolds Trestle scaffolds can only be used for light-duty work. Extensions must not be added to the trestle legs. The height of trestle work platform (H) must not exceed three times base dimension (B) of the trestle. The spread of trestle legs (C) must be equal to one-half the height of the trestle. Stepladders must not be used for trestle scaffolds.

Ladder jack work platform
Several problems can be seen with the ladder jack scaffold being used by the siding installers on this jobsite. In addition to missing the required guardrails or personal fall arrest system, two planks have been overlapped and supported by a single bracket. Also, OSHA regulations require that platforms on ladder jack, top plate, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffolds be at least 12 inches wide. Ladder jack work platform two planks have been bridged and supported by a single bracket. work platform should be at least 12 inches wide.

Another safe alternative to use when working on scaffolds more than 10 feet in height is to wear a personal fall arrest system. This worker is using a full body harness that is attached to a rope grab device, and a vertical lifeline that has been attached to an anchor point on the roof. The advantage of using the rope grab instead of a shock absorbing lanyard is that it allows the worker to use a stationary anchor point and adjust the length of the vertical lifeline as the work proceeds upward. Also, if the worker falls, the distance will be much shorter than if he was using a shock absorbing lanyard. U.S. Department of Labor-OSHA. March PUMP JACK/LADDER JACK SCAFFOLD PHOTO COMPLIANCE GUIDE This worker is using a full body harness that is attached to a rope grab device and a vertical lifeline

Notice the worker climbing on the scaffold’s tubular framing
Notice the worker climbing on the scaffold’s tubular framing. While the framing resembles a ladder, most manufacturers do not intend for the scaffold bucks to be used as a ladder. Check with your supervisor, or contact the scaffold manufacturer if you are unsure if the scaffold you are using is designed for this purpose. Accessing a scaffold most manufacturers do not intend for the scaffold bucks to be used as a ladder

Crossbraces not designed for workers to climb.
Following safe set-up, the scaffolding system must be used in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and OSHA safety regulations. The cross-braces that form an “X” on this scaffold (click to appear) are critical structural members and should always be installed as required by the manufacturer. They are not designed for workers to stand on or for climbing to access the planked level. Crossbraces not designed for workers to climb.

Scaffolding Guardrails
Any working level on a scaffold that is more than 10 feet above the ground requires fall protection. Notice the worker as he supplies the bricklayers with more materials. There is nothing protecting him from falling off the backside of the scaffold. (Click & WAIT FOR GUARDRAIL TO FLY IN) One safe alternative is a standard guardrail system consisting of a top rail, mid rail, and toe board. Also notice that this scaffold has no safe access ladder or proper guardrails on any of the planked working surfaces. Scaffolding Guardrails A scaffold that is more than 10 feet above the ground requires fall protection

This planking is complete between the uprights with no more than 1 inch gaps between the planks.
4-safety.com (David Allie) scaffold fully planked between the uprights with no more than 1 inch gaps between the planks

approved scaffold plank
When choosing scaffold planks, make sure they have been proof tested. This is an example of an approved scaffold plank. 4-safety.com (David Allie) approved scaffold plank

6” Min. 12” Max. To avoid accidental shifting of scaffold planks they should extend beyond the upright at least 6 inches, but no more than 12 inches. Another way to achieve this, is to cleat or otherwise secure the planks. 4-safety.com (David Allie) scaffold planks should extend beyond the upright at least 6 inches, but no more than 12 inches.

Properly supported scaffolding leg
Here is an example of a properly supported scaffolding leg. Along with a baseplate this scaffold leg is equipped with a screw jack, which allows the scaffold to be leveled. The baseplate has been securely attached by nails to the solid wood mudsill. Wet or soft ground conditions may require the use of larger sills to prevent sinking or shifting. Properly supported scaffolding leg along with a baseplate this scaffold leg is equipped with a screw jack, which allows the scaffold to be leveled. baseplate has been securely attached by nails to the solid wood mudsill

Base plates are required.
The safe use of any scaffolding starts with proper set-up. On this worksite, (click for second) we see the common mistake of using concrete cinder blocks to level the base of the scaffold. Cinder blocks should not be used to support a scaffold because they can be crushed. Notice that there are no base plates at the bottom of the scaffold legs. Base plates are required by the manufacturer because they evenly distribute the load. Any time there is inadequate support or improper assembly there is danger of collapse. Base plates are required. Cinder blocks should not be used to support a scaffold.

The manufacturer-supplied keeper pin locks the two sections of the welded frame scaffold together and prevents them from separating. Always use the proper keeper pins or latches wherever they are required by the manufacturer. Typically this requirement covers all connections between consecutive scaffold sections. In addition, a bent nail or bolt should never be used in place of the manufacturer-supplied pins. manufacturer-supplied keeper pins lock the two sections of the welded frame scaffold together and prevents them from separating

use tie backs to ensure that a scaffold will not collapse.
Here is another method to ensure that a scaffold will not collapse. This involves 2 by 4’s acting as “stiff arms”, used in conjunction with 9 gauge wire securing the scaffold to the house to prevent the scaffold from falling away. 4-safety.com (David Allie) use tie backs to ensure that a scaffold will not collapse. 2X4’s acting as “stiff arms”, used in conjunction with 9 gauge wire securing the scaffold to the house to prevent the scaffold from falling away

= 20 feet = 16 feet = 5 feet = 4 feet
Once the height of the scaffold is 4 times the base width, supported scaffolds need to be secured or tied back to the structure to prevent tipping. For example, if a scaffold has a base width of 5 feet and a height of 36 feet, (click to have appear) it must be tied back into the structure at 20 feet above the base (click to appear). If the scaffold base width was 4 feet and the same height was maintained (click to appear), then this would require the scaffold to be tied back at 16 feet above the base plate (click to appear), and then again at 32 feet. Now, if several scaffold sections were to be assembled, one next to the other, creating a longer scaffold unit, tie-backs must be installed horizontally at each end of the scaffold and in between at intervals not to exceed 30 feet. = 5 feet = 4 feet

Other Work Methods Extending Boom Aerial Lift
Alternative for reaching heights if properly used. PFAS or fall restraint must be worn and lanyard attached to boom or basket when working from an aerial lift (b)(2)(v). PFAS or fall restraint must be worn and lanyard attached to the boom or basket when working from an aerial lift.

Other Work Methods All-terrain Forklift with basket attachment
An Aerial lift is a good alternative for reaching heights if properly used. They can also be used to install and remove guardrail and safety net systems. All-terrain Forklift with basket attachment

OSHA defines a willful violation as one committed with intentional, knowing or voluntary disregard for the law's requirements, or with plain indifference to employee safety and health.

Training Requirements
Under 29 CFR , workers exposed to fall hazards must be trained to recognize potential fall hazards and procedures to be followed to minimize those hazards. Training is an important component of any fall protection program. The workers who actually wear and use the equipment must be thoroughly trained.

Training Requirements 1926.503
The nature of fall hazards in the work area. How to erect, maintain, disassemble, and inspect the fall protection systems to be used. How to use and operate the fall protection systems to be used. Subpart M requirements Supplements (Subpart C: Safety Training & Education) (b)(2) requires employers to train their workers how to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions; and, the applicable regulations to control or eliminate hazards in the work place. Fall protection training must cover: How to recognize and minimize fall hazards. How to use fall protection systems. How to inspect the systems. Training must be documented and the most current certification must be available. Also, provisions to conduct retraining must be established to correct less than satisfactory fall protection performance by workers.

Training Requirements 1926.503
Training certification Documentation of the latest training certification must be maintained. Retraining Changes in the fall protection systems to be used or to the workplace. Inadequacies in employee’s knowledge or use of fall protection indicates that retraining is necessary (b)(2) requires employers to train their workers how to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions; and, the applicable regulations to control or eliminate hazards in the work place. Fall protection training must cover: How to recognize and minimize fall hazards. How to use fall protection systems. How to inspect the systems. Training must be documented and the most current certification must be available. Also, provisions to conduct retraining must be established to correct less than satisfactory fall protection performance by workers.

TEST 1. At what height above the ground is fall protection required when working along any unprotected edge? a. 4 feet b. 6 feet c. 10 feet d. 25 feet The correct answer is b. 6 feet.

TEST 2. An extension ladder must extend past the landing ___ feet.
b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 The correct answer is c. 3.

TEST 3. At what angle is an extension ladder to be installed? a. 4:1
c. 4:4 d. none of the above The correct answer is a. 4:1.

TEST A Step Ladder can be used as a straight ladder. a. True b. False
The correct answer is b. False.

TEST 5. A guardrail is required on scaffolding at ___ feet. a. 4 feet
b. 6 feet c. 10 feet d. Not required The correct answer is c. 10 feet.

Group Activity Discuss fall hazards present at your worksite
share this information with others in the class

Group Activity Discuss how the fall hazards can be eliminated
share this information with others in the class

Points to remember Fall Protection is required when there is a potential for an unprotected fall of 6 feet or more to a lower level. Fall Protection Systems Conventional Guardrails Hole Covers Personal Fall Arrest Safety Nets Specialized Systems Safety Monitor, Warning Line, Controlled Access Zone and Written Fall Protection Plan

RESIDENTIAL FALL HAZARDS

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