1. Structure and Function in Living Systems
Chapter 8: Systems in Organisms
8.1: Systems help organisms meet their needs
8.2: Plants have several levels of organization
8.3 Animals have several levels of organization
8.4 Human health depends on a balance among systems

2. Matching Warmup 1. where photosynthesis takes place
2. stems and leaves
3. xylem and phloem
Terms
a. chloroplasts
b. vascular tissue
c. dermal tissue
d. shoot system
e. root system
A,d,b

3. TIP 15 min. Have students convert their
measurements to centimeters (1 m
100 cm)
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Jumping ability
might enable a frog to escape
predators and to catch food.

4. Animalia is a diverse kingdom
Includes: Jellyfish, hydras, worms, snails, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals…
Specialization!
Tissues  organs  organ systems (like plants, though cells have no cell wall)
More differentiated cell types than plants, but these differentiated cells form only four types of tissues
Multicellular!
Eukaryotic! (+nucleus)

5. Most animals have four types of tissue
A few have specialized cells but no tissues
Ex: sponges
Others have simple tissues but no organs
Ex: jellyfish
Most are more complex: four basic types of tissue
(“most” includes both vertebrates and invertebrates)

7. Most animals have four types of tissue - Epithelial Tissue
Provides protection
Allows for absorption and secretion
Epithelial tissue covers the outside of most animals as skin
Like plant’s dermal tissue
Soft and thin…
Worms, frogs
To very tough
Alligators, elephants
Also covers the surface of internal cavities, passageways, and organs
Ex: mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
absorbs nutrients and secretes enzymes for digesting food
Secretions lubricate the passageways
Longs are lined – gas exchange

8. Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue transmits electrical impulses
Coordinates and controls many body activities
Vertebrates:
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Stimuli  impulses sent to brain  brain interprets impulses as sights, sounds, tastes, etc.
muscle contractions
Some simpler animals do not have a brain or a spinal cord
sea stars, sea anemones
Nerves are a “nerve net”

9. Nerve Tissue Two types: Neurons Glial cells conduct nerve impulses.
Extensions on one end of a neuron –dendrites- receive signals from other neurons
Extension on the other end of the neuron –axon- carries impulses to the next neuron
Glial cells
do not conduct nerve impulses
provide support, nourishment, and protection for the neurons.

10. neurons (green), oligodendrocytes (red) and astrocytes (blue) (types of glial cells)

11. Muscle Tissue
Bundles of long and narrow cells that can contract or shorten
Needed for all animal movement
Including movement inside the animal
beating of the heart
contractions of the digestive organs
Produce needed heat by contracting rapidly and repeatedly
Voluntary muscles – directed to move
Involuntary muscles - movement of the internal organs
work continuously

12. Connective Tissue Joins body parts together Protection and support
Ex: tendons and ligaments - bind other tissues together
Tendons: muscles to bone and cartilage to internal skeleton
Ligaments: bones to cartilage - unified
provides support, protects inner organs, stores calcium and phosphate, and produces blood cells
Same as in animals with an outer skeleton (lobster) or protective shell (snail)
Ex: Fat
stores energy, insulates the body, and provides protective padding for some organs
Ex: Blood
delivers oxygen, food molecules, and other nutrients
Removes, moves chemical messengers throughout the body

13. Animals are adapted to many environments
Eyes
Part of the nervous system
Some animals can only interpret presence/absence of light
Some can react to motion
Compound eyes of insect – can see in many directions at once
Some eyes can focus for much sharper images
Optic nerve  impulses to brain = camera-like image

14. Adaptation: Skin Skin -a large organ protection and support
includes all four types of tissue
Adaptations:
mammals – hair
birds – feathers
Fish – scales
protection and support
often helps an animal regulate its body temperature.

15. Adaptation: Skeletal Systems - exoskeleton
Vertebrates - animals that have a skull and a backbone,
Invertebrates - don’t
Many have an exoskeleton
a strong but flexible outer covering
supports and protects
Prevents it from drying out
jointed, often divided into segments
spiders, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, and all insects– beetles, bees, and ants
Muscles attached to the inside
cannot grow along with the animal
it must discard its exoskeleton from time to time and replace it
Molting - the process of shedding the exoskeleton
insects, discarded exoskeleton of dragonfly nymph, molting

16. Adaptation: Skeletal Systems - endoskeleton
Vertebrate animals have an internal support system called an endoskeleton
typically made of the connective tissues—bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
grows along with the animal
Cheetah:
the backbone protects the spinal cord, and the ribs protect the internal organs
Powerful muscles attached to large bones – runs fast

17. Check-in… What structures aid in movement? muscles attached to bones
What is the function of the cheetah’s ribs?
to protect internal organs like the heart and lungs
Describe what will happen when a muscle contracts.
It will shorten and pull the lower bone upward.
What different types of connective tissue make up the endoskeleton in vertebrate animals?
bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
Why must an animal like a shrimp or a crab replace its exoskeleton?
The exoskeleton does not grow along with the animal’s body.
How does this cheetah’s endoskeleton relate to the cheetah’s shape?
The cheetah’s endoskeleton creates the shape of the cheetah; it encloses and supports the internal organs

19. Organ systems work together
Except for simple organisms like sponges and jellyfish, all animals have organ systems
Respiratory System:
oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide exits
Occurs in the lungs for many vertebrates (such as mammals)
Circulatory System
transports blood throughout the body
carries materials to and from the cells and organs
(in many animals) the heart pumps blood continuously
The circulatory system works closely with the respiratory system – pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

20. Organ systems work together
Skeletal System
provides support and protection.
Movement
Ex: arthropods have exoskeletons - their muscles attach from the inside
Ex: Snakes have long central backbones with as many as several hundred pairs of ribs attached
Ex: Sharks have skeletons made entirely of cartilage - flexibility in the water

21. Organ systems work together
Lymphatic System
includes the immune system
defends the body against invading viruses and bacteria
Vessels collect the fluid outside the cells, or plasma, and return it to the blood
Organs produce chemicals that help regulate many body processes
Endocrine system
releases hormones into the blood
control the activities of cells
manage water and chemical balances in the body
The endocrine system works together with the circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems

22. Organ systems work together
Digestive System
processes the food and liquid
Biting, chewing, and mashing begin
Chemicals break down food further
Nutrients and water are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the blood stream
Undigested waste is excreted

23. Organ systems work together
Nervous System
The nervous system detects and responds to external and internal stimuli
It connects the systems of the body together
In vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system (CNS)
The nerves going out from the spinal cord to the rest of the body are the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Muscular System
Allows animals to move and to change shape
Muscles protect the bones and the internal organs of animals with endoskeletons

24. Organ systems work together
Integumentary System
protects the body from the external environment
regulate body temperature: controls flow of fluids such as blood and sweat
Sweat glands, hair, feathers, and scales
Urinary System
helps keep the amounts of fluids and the materials in them balanced
In vertebrates:
kidneys remove wastes, salt, and excess water from the blood plasma
Wastes and water are stored in the bladder
eliminated as urine
Reproductive System
organs necessary for the animals to produce offspring
the only system that is not essential to the survival of the individual organism