1. World WAR I
7th Grade

2. A. FRANZ FERDINAND
World War I, known at the time as the Great War, began in following the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
The war had many causes, including tension following the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War and the increasing
1) nationalism,
2)imperialism, and
3)militarism in the years before the war.

3. Causes of the First World War
Franco-Prussian War
Beginning in July 1870, France and Germany engaged in a nine month conflict known as the Franco-Prussian War.
German states finished their push for unification, which helped Germany to emerge victorious from the conflict.
As part of the victory, Germany acquired the region of Alsace-Lorraine on the border of France and Germany and imposed a harsh settlement on France.
This settlement was a source of continuous tension between France and Germany in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

4. Militarism
Militarism is a political belief that a country should maintain a strong military for national interests.
In the years before World War I, many countries in Europe embraced this policy.
As a result, there was a significant increase in military spending because of the desire to expand empires or protect overseas colonies.

5. Imperialism
Another source of tension between European countries was imperialism.
An increased desire for
international power,
natural resources, and
friendly markets led to greater rivalries among European nations.
Germany, Russia, France, and Great Britain were nations that attempted to consolidate power by gaining the largest empire.

6. Nationalism
 The feelings of intense patriotism, known as nationalism, also impacted Europe in the pre-war years.
The idea of nationalism was especially popular in the Balkans, which was surrounded by three large but declining empires:
Russia,
the Ottoman Empire,
the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

7. Nationalism continued…(S)
  The Balkan League was established as a way to advance the independence movements of Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia.
After winning their independence from the Ottoman Empire, Serbians and others supported the creation of a new country for the South Slavs in the region.
Other nations, such as Great Britain, France, and Germany tried to preserve a balance of power, ensuring that tensions in the Balkans continued.
Leading to the assertion that the Balkans was the "powder keg of Europe.”
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8. Alliances
 A complicated alliance system was in place in the years before World War I.
In the late 1800s, the Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy.
Reacting with fear to the growth of Germany's power and influence through the Triple Alliance, France and Russia formed their own alliance.
They were later joined by Great Britain, and the alliance between these three nations was known as the Triple Entente.

9. Alliances…
The countries of both the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente agreed to the mutual defense of all the member nations.
They agreed that an act of war against one nation would be considered an act of war against the whole alliance.
Though the system was meant to deter aggression, it actually resulted in bringing more countries into the war once the hostilities began.

10. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
In 1914, a Serbian militant group called the Black Hand conspired to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria-Hungary, when he visited Sarajevo.
Sarajevo was the capital of the province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was controlled by Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Black Hand members were extreme nationalists who believed that all areas with a significant Slavic population, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, should be united as Yugoslavia.

11. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed on June 28, The assassination of the archduke led Austria to declare war on Serbia and is believed by historians to be the event that triggered the outbreak of World War I.

12. Outbreak of War…
After the assassination of the archduke, the first declaration of war was made by Austria-Hungary on Serbia, an ally of Russia, on July 28, 1914.
This declaration was quickly followed by Russian threats against Austria-Hungary and the subsequent German declaration of war against Russia and France.

13. Outbreak continued…. Once the fighting in World War I began,
the Allied Powers, centered on the pre-war Triple Entente,
included Great Britain, Serbia, France, and the Russian Empire.
Other nations that joined the Allied Powers included Belgium, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, Portugal, and the United States.
On the opposite side of the conflict were the Central Powers, based on the Triple Alliance.
The Central Powers included Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

14. WHERE IS THE US….
The United States attempted to avoid participation in World War I for as long as possible.
Public opinion slowly turned against Germany and its allies, however, resulting in the U.S. declaration of war on April 6,

15. Isolationism and the US...
     In line with their usual policy of isolationism, the United States declared neutrality immediately following the outbreak of war in Europe.
Isolationism refers to a foreign policy that is both militarily non- interventionist and economically protectionist.
The United States attempted to follow a policy of isolationism throughout a greater part of its history, especially when dealing with European wars.
This policy was difficult to maintain during World War I, however, because of the close relationship between the United States and Great Britain and also because of the growing anti-German sentiments of people in the U.S. throughout the war.
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16. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 In February of 1915, Germany announced that it would be pursuing a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare in retaliation to the blockade of Germany by the British Royal Navy.
The Germans announced that they would attack any ship found within the war zone.

17. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (ATTACK)S
On May 7, a German U-boat attacked the British passenger ship Lusitania.
Over 1,000 civilians were killed, including over 100 Americans. Outrage swept through the United States, and Germany temporarily agreed not to attack any more passenger ships.

18. Stalemate
 On January 31, 1917, following years of stalemate where neither the Allied nor the Central Powers were winning, Germany decided it would again resume utilizing unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to destroy the British Navy.
This action shocked the world and resulted in a U.S. threat against Germany, moving the United States closer to war.

19. Zimmermann Note The final straw for the U.S. came in February of 1917.
British intelligence intercepted a telegram from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to officials in Mexico proposing a Mexican attack on the United States.
The telegram was sent to President Woodrow Wilson and published throughout the U.S. on March 1, 1917.

20. Declaration of War
     Due to the events above, public opinion slowly turned against Germany. On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson called a special session of Congress in order to ask for a declaration of war against Germany.
During his speech, Wilson called the war made by Germany a "war against mankind," referencing particularly the use of unrestricted submarine warfare.

21. Declaration of War continue…
The United States declared war on April 6, American involvement broke the stalemate that had marked the early years of the war.
Following 1917, the tides turned in favor of the Allies, and they were ultimately victorious.

22. Treaty and the League…
The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, officially ended World War I.
The treaty set up the international association of countries known as the League of Nations.
The League was ineffective in dealing with the problems of post-war Europe and was replaced by the United Nations following World War II.
The lesson below discusses the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations in more detail.

23. The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I and was based on the principles set forth in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.
The treaty included many territorial clauses, and areas that were formerly considered part of large empires were given the chance to form their own sovereign states, an idea known as national self-determination.
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Turkey were all created following the war.
Because of this, large empires such as the German Empire, Austro- Hungarian Empire, and Ottoman Empire ceased to exist.

24. Treaty of Versailles continue….
The treaty also placed the responsibility for World War I entirely on Germany and included the following "war guilt" clauses:
Germany was required to pay reparations of upwards of $11 billion to the Allied countries.
The Rhineland, or the area on either side of the Rhine River in western Germany, would be a demilitarized zone.

25. TREATY OF V. continue…
The German military was to be stripped to no more than 100,000 troops, and conscription was abolished.
Germany was prohibited from manufacturing items such as tanks, submarines, and military aircraft.
The idea behind the above clauses was the prevention of another world conflict. Though other countries in Europe also agreed to disarm, the restrictions concerning Germany were the harshest.
The British blockade of Germany was an important part of the German military defeat but became a tactic used by the Allies to pressure Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
The blockade continued even after the signing of the armistice and eventually resulted in the deaths of 750,000 German civilians, mostly due to starvation.

26. LEAGUE OF NATIONS…
The League of Nations was an association of world nations set up according to the Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles.
The organization's main purpose was to encourage international cooperation and in order to maintain world peace.

27. LEAGUE of Nations…(S2)
The League of Nation did not have any real power, particularly because it lacked its own armed forces.
Instead, it relied on forces from the world powers to enforce its sanctions.
The League also did not represent all the nations in the world. Germany, for example, was excluded from joining the League.
The League also suffered because of the absence of the United States.
Though President Wilson's original aim was to support such an association, members of the U.S. Congress such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge opposed American ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, as well as American entry into the League.

28. LEAGUE….(S)
The United States ultimately rejected the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and refused to participate in the League of Nations.
This is because many Americans believed the treaty and the League would interfere with American interests and would eventually pull the U.S. into yet another foreign war.
For this reason, the inter-war period was marked by a return to the policy of isolationism for the United States.

29. The mandate System…
In 1919, the League set up a mandate system to manage former territories of the German and Ottoman Empires.
Most of these territories were located in the Middle East and included Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq.

30. COMING TOWARDS THE END….
Though the United States was prosperous during the 1920s, many other countries in the world were suffering.
World War I had ended in 1919, and many countries in Europe found themselves with huge war debts.
This caused a strain, and many countries suffered economic collapse.
These countries developed many ways of dealing with economic problems. Mainly, people believed that a strong government would be able to help the economy.

31. Fascism
Fascism is a political philosophy that gives total power to a dictator, and often, individual freedoms are denied.
Fascist governments usually have a strong military and try to inspire extreme nationalism (loyalty to a nation) in their people.
Fascism was popular in the 1920s and 1930s in places like Germany and Italy.
Italy's fascist government was formed under Benito Mussolini, who is often called the father of fascism.

32. Rise of Fascists…
Historians believe the rise of fascist governments was caused by the economic issues following World War I as well as the fear of the spread of communism.
Fears about communism grew as a result of the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union following World War I.
People believed the fascists could provide a strong government that would protect against the spread of communism.

33. Germany's Inter-War Years(S)
During the 1920s, Germany suffered from many economic problems.
The National Socialist German Workers' Party, also known as the Nazi Party, drew supporters during this time period.
The leader of the Nazi Party was Adolf Hitler.
Many German citizens came to believe the Nazis would help the country by fixing the economic issues.
This is because Hitler promised to give people jobs. By the early 1930s, millions of Germans were unemployed.
After Hitler came to power, he was successful in getting many people jobs. He began large construction projects of things like roads and bridges.

34. Racist Policies
  Nazi Germany started a series of racist policies that took rights away from certain citizens.
Hitler believed that the Jewish people of the world were an inferior race and should be destroyed.
The hatred of Jewish people is known as anti-semitism. Hitler's racism and the policies of the Nazi party led to the murder of approximately six million Jews as well as millions of other minorities. This event is known as the Holocaust.

35. Japan's Inter-War Years
Unlike Germany and Italy, Japan did not become a fascist dictatorship in the 20th century.
They instead remained a monarchy that was headed by the emperor.
Growing nationalism resulted in an increase in emperor worship and in feelings of anger over Japan's treatment following the end of World War I.
Many people in Japan felt the country had not benefited much from winning World War I. They began to look to more extreme ways to fix the country's problems.

36. Japan's Inter-War Years
With the start of the Great Depression of the 1930s, the military gained more influence over the Japanese government.
Many people started to believe that territorial expansion could help the suffering economy.
For this reason, Japan began invading areas of China in the early 1930s.

37. Start of WW2
World War II was fought from 1939 until 1945 in Europe and the Pacific Ocean.
It began in 1939 when German troops invaded Poland. Germany wanted to control more territory in order to become more powerful.
The main countries in the war were Germany, Italy, and Japan, who made up the Axis Powers.
On the other side, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, made up the Allied Powers.
Important events during World War II include D-Day, VE Day, VJ Day, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the dropping of the atomic bombs over Japan

38. Second Sino-Japanese War
Japan invaded China in the mid-1930s and began what is known as the Second Sino-Japanese War.
This made the United States angry with Japan even before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Japanese aggression in China is an example of imperialism because they wanted to be more powerful by trying to control another country.

39. The Holocaust
Beginning in the 1930s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis tried to get rid of all the Jewish people in Europe.
Hitler was an anti-Semite, which meant that he had an extreme hatred of Jewish people. Hitler forced Jews to live in concentration camps.
At these camps, many people were worked to death, died of disease, or were killed by the Nazis.
Over 6 million Jews died as a result of the actions of Hitler and the Nazis. This event is known as the Holocaust.

40. Invasion of Poland
World War II began on September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland. Germany's leader, Adolf Hitler, wanted his country to control land and be more powerful.
Hitler's invasion of Poland and other European countries is another example of imperialism.
Imperialism is the desire to make a country more powerful by controlling other countries.

41. Pearl Harbor
In 1940, Japan entered World War II on the side of Nazi Germany.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
The Japanese had hoped to destroy the U.S. Navy with the attack, but failed to do so.
The next day, December 8, 1941, the U.S. entered into World War II by declaring war on Japan.

42. The Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad was an important event during World War II for a number of reasons.
The battle between the Soviet Union and Germany lasted 7 months, and was a major turning point in the Eastern European part of the war.
After the battle, Germany was weaker and allowed the Allies to invade Western Europe.

43. D-Day D-Day is the name given to June 6, 1944.
The Allies landed on the beaches in Normandy, France, marking the beginning of Operation Overlord.
Operation Overlord was the plan to fight German forces in Europe, starting in France.

44. The Battle of Iwo Jima
The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought from February to March of 1945 on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.
Some of the worst fighting of the war happened during this battle.
Over 20,000 American soldiers were killed or injured.
Almost all of the Japanese soldiers were killed.
The picture above shows American soldiers raising a flag over the island during the battle.

45. VE Day
Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, which has become known as VE Day, or Victory in Europe Day.
The surrender occurred after several years of defeats and the ultimate Allied invasion and capture of the German capital city.
As the war came to a close, the Allied leaders decided to divide Germany into occupied zones.
They did so in the hope that Germany's ability to start another world conflict would be destroyed.

46. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
On August 9, the U.S. dropped another bomb on the city of Nagasaki.
President Harry S. Truman decided to use the bombs in order to force Japan to surrender.
An invasion of Japan was scheduled, but could be avoided if the Japanese surrendered.
Truman wanted Japan to surrender because an invasion would have cost the lives of many American soldiers.
The Japanese surrendered a few days after the bombs were dropped.

47. VJ Day
Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, marking the end of World War II.
This day is known as VJ Day, or Victory in Japan Day.

48. Impact of WWII
World War II had a big impact on the United States. Women went into the workforce, the first African Americans became pilots, and the United Nations was created. These are just a few examples of how the war influenced the United States and the world.

49. Rationing
When a good becomes scarce, a country will control how much of the good each person can get.
This idea is known as rationing and is necessary to make the good last as long as possible.
During a war, a country will ration items that are directly needed to fight the war.
For example, the United States rationed things like rubber and gas in World War II because those things were needed by the military.

50. Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of famous African American pilots who flew many missions during World War II.
They were the first group of African Americans to ever be pilots in the United States and earned much recognition because of their skills.

51. Rosie the Riveter
The picture here is a famous image from World War II called "Rosie the Riveter."
The picture was meant to encourage women to enter the workforce while men were fighting in the war.
It is also a symbol of the millions of women who worked in heavy industry during this time.
Women were needed in heavy industry because production in factories needed to increase.
The factories also had to change from production of consumer goods to production of military goods.

52. Internment of Japanese Americans
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that Japan might launch another attack on the West Coast of the United States.
People also questioned the loyalty of Japanese Americans to the United States.
As a result, the United States government placed many Japanese Americans into camps until the war was over.
The camps were called internment camps or "War Relocation Camps."
Over 120,000 Japanese Americans were placed in the camps.
The Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States involved the constitutionality of Japanese internment during World War II.
The Court ruled that limiting the rights of a group of people can be legal in certain situations, like during a war.

53. The United Nations
The United Nations (UN) was formed in 1945 as a response to World War II.
The countries of the world believed that international problems needed to be solved without going to war.
The United States led the way in the creation of the UN, and members committed themselves to settling problems between countries in a peaceful way.

54. TECHNOLOGY WWII
Many new technologies were invented or enhanced during World War II. Some of this technology had been around for a long time. Tanks, new airplanes, radar, better ships, and even new kinds of bombs were just a few of the new inventions used during the war.

55. Tanks
First developed for use during World War I, a tank is a vehicle that has thick armor and runs on tracks.
This makes it able to handle rough terrain.
By World War II, tanks had become a standard of the military for all the countries fighting in the war.
The Germans became well-known for their use of tanks. German tanks were very mobile, and the Germans organized their tanks into units that worked together quickly and efficiently.
The use of tank units was one of the many reasons the Germans were easily able to invade many countries during the early days of World War II.

56. Submarines
Submarines were first used successfully for military purposes during World War I.
Though submarines had been around for a long time, they played a bigger role in both of the world wars than in any other previous conflict.
Submarines can be defined as a ship that can operate under water, sometimes for long periods of time.
During both of the world wars, submarines were used to attack enemy ships and to cut off shipping routes.

57. New Ships Many different kinds of ships were used during World War II.
Some of them were developed especially for this war. Certain battles could only be fought because of these new ships.
During the invasion of Normandy, for example, new ships took soldiers right up to the beaches. Called amphibious vehicles, these ships had either wheels or tracks like tanks and could drive up onto enemy beaches.

58. Atomic Bombs
The United States developed the first atomic bomb in the 1940s.
On August 6th and 9th, two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
These two bombs were the only atomic bombs that have ever been used in warfare.
Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, marking the official end of World War II.

59. Airplanes
At the beginning of World War I, airplanes were still a relatively new invention.
They were originally used to observe enemy positions, but as the war progressed, people began to imagine expanded military uses.
By attaching machine guns and having pilots drop bombs, new tactics emerged.
By World War II, many different types of airplanes had been invented.
From fighters to bombers, each country involved in World War II used airplanes during the war.

60. Radar Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging.
It was first used by the military during World War II.
By using radar, people could be warned of enemy airplane attacks even before the planes were visible.
Both the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers began using radar for defense.