1. Fruits and Nuts
Mature Ovary

2. Biology What is the difference between fruit and vegetable?????
Mature ripened ovary along with its contents and any adhering accessory structure to protect the seed and includes seeds
Agamospermy - Unfertilized fruit and therefore solely made up of maternal tissue
Parthenocarpy – maturation of fruit with out seed formation. Any Example???

3. Fruit Important for food dispersal
Many fruits are fleshy and contain sugars that attract animals
Pass through digestive system successfully
disperse the tender seeds far away from parent plant
Non-fleshy fruits use other mechanism for dispersal

4. Fruit Ovary wall thickens and forms pericarp with three layers
Exocarp – outer most layer usually made up of epidermis
Mesocarp - middle layer; varies in thickness
Endocarp – inner most; shows considerable variations
Fruit types:
Simple (one ovary one flower), aggregate (many ovaries one flower), multiple (many ovaries many flowers) and accessory (Other tissues surrounding the ovary; usually flowers with inferior ovary)

5. Classification of fruits
Handout

6. Fruit Chemistry
One of the important constituents of our diet and provides 1/3 of required calories, vitamins and minerals
Has high amount of water (60-90%) and very little fat or proteins.
CHO are mainly free sugars (glucose and fructose) form main nutrient component
Some are particularly rich in vitamins and minerals
Many contain tannins and pectins

7. A Nut Entire fruit with hard shell
A seed developed in a stony endocarp
High in nutrients
Fat – edible oil
Proteins
High in mineral content
Low in carbohydrates

8. Temperate and Tropical fruits
Tropical fruits – form staple diet
Temperate fruits – additive fruits
Sweet varieties consumed raw
Acidic one preserved as jams, jellies, juices and syrups

9. Apples and their relatives
Rosaceae with four subfamilies
Spiraeoideae – spirea
Maloideae – apples; pome type of fruit
Amygdaloideae – plums, drupes type of fruit
Rosoideae – rose, aggregate type of fruit

10. Apples and their relatives Apples(pome)
Malus Xdomesticus or M. asiaticus
Old world from Eurasia
Johnny Appleseed?? & Adam and Eve (apple or apricot)
Diploid or triploid (n=17)
Mainly grown by grafting
Pome, fleshy receptacle; inferior ovary; 9-18% sugars,1% acid, 0.5% tannins and proteins, vit. C; K; Ca; P and pectin

11. Apples and their relatives Pears (pome)
Pyrus communis; P. pyrifolia (Asian pear)
Second largest temperate fruit crop
Originated in Asia
Fleshy receptacle; inferior ovary; pome
Grittyness due to stone cells (cells with very thick wall)
Fructose; pectin, thiamine and phosphatides; peel has vit. C an biotin

12. Apples and their relatives Quinces (pome)
Cydonia oblonga
Hard aromatic flesh
More stone cells than pear
Used as a rootstock for pears
Mainly made into preserves and conserves

13. Plums and other stones Amygdaloideae
Plums (Prunus domestica)
Cherries (P. avium; sweet and P.cerasus; sour )
Peaches (P. persica)
Apricots (P.armeniaca)
A drupe; skin is exocarp; fleshy edible part is mesocarp and stony endoccarp with seed inside.
Native of central or western China
Some are New world – plums and cherries

14. False berries Rosoideae Aggregate fruit
Strawberries (Fragaria Xananassa); vit c, 1.5% organic acid; anthocyanins
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus) tocopherols
Blackberries (R. occidentalis) anthocyanins
Aggregate fruit
Strawberry -Central fleshy receptacle with individual fruits developing from free ovaries; individual fruit is achene
Raspberries and blackberries – receptacle not swollen; each fruit is a fleshy drupe

15. Blueberries and cranberries
Ericaceae or Heath family:
Blue berries(Vaccinum corymbosum and V. angustifolium)
Cranberries (V. macrocarpum and V.oxycoccos)
Fleshy indehiscent fruit; Drupe; vit A, C, mallic acid; tannins and anthocyanins

16. Grapes Vitis vinifera – Vitaceae
A woody perennial from middle Asia 8000BC.
Moved westward to Italy, Germany, France and Spain.
175 table varieties
V. labrusca, the fox grape – concord, catawba grapes
Raisins are dried grapes

17. Kiwi
Actinidia deliciosa – Actinidiaceae native of Asia, called as Chinese gooseberry.
Introduced into New Zealand
Agressively marketed, changed the name
Dioceous plant therefore

18. Temperate Nuts
Nuts are kind of dry fruit with single seed, hard pericarp, and a husklike involucre partially enclosing the fruit
Chestnut; hazelnut; pecans; and walnut.
Peanut, Almond??
Most have wind pollinated flowers

19. Pecans and Walnuts Juglandaceae: Rosaceae
Persian walnut – J. regia; Southeastern Europe and Asia
Black walnut – J.nigra; N. America
Allelopatic
Pecans, Hicokery and butternut – Carya
Rosaceae
Almonds –Prunus dulcis
Pistachio – Pistaceae vera

20. Tropical Rutaceae Cucurbitaceae Solanceae Palms Citrus Squash Tomato
Eggplant
Pepper
Palms
Coconut
Dates

21. Citrus
Trees with evergreen leaves, cultivated plants originated in SE Asia.
Some researchers feel that all cultivated citrus came from 3 original species.
Citrus easily to produce hybrids so this adds to the confusion.
Fruit is an hesperidium which is a berry
Exocarp and mesocarp - a tough skin. The skin has cavities filled with aromatic oils.
Endocarp - edible part with hairs modified into juice sacs.
cannot tolerate freezing temperatures, require soil moisture, sun and dry air.
Bud grafting is most common method of propagation.

22. Citrus
Sweet orange - Citrus sinensis - most widely grown, possibly of hybrid origin.
Lemon - Citrus lemon - used for flavoring, deodorants
Bitter orange - C. aurantium - preserves, marmalade, liquers
Lime - C. aurantriifolia - juice used to prevent scurvy, Limeys
Grapefruits - C. paradisi - possibly a cross between pumello (C. maxima) and C. sinensis, probably in W. Indies. Pink grapefruits arose as a bud mutation.
Tangerine - C. reticulata - probably a biological species and not a hybrid.

23. Squashes Citrullus lanatus- watermelon, from Africa
Cucurbitaceae
Fruit is a pepo which is an accessory fruit produced from an inferior ovary, the skin or rind is composed of ovary wall and perianth.
Edible squash dates from 6000 ybp in Peru but it was probably used earlier since edible members of this family would have been collected by hunter-gatherers.
Most squashes are annuals, vines and dioecious,
Cucurbita, taxonomy is very confused
Cucurbita pepo - pumpkins, zucchini, summer squashes
Citrullus lanatus- watermelon, from Africa
Cucumis melo - cantaloupe, musk and honeydew melons, probably from Africa
Cucumis sativus - cucumber, from S. Asia

24. Tomatoes and Peppers Solanaceae Fruit is a berry.
Tomato - Lycopersicon esculentum
scientific name means juicy wolf peach.
native to E. Mexico, tomatoes were thought to be an aphrodisiac by French,
used to evoke wolves by Germans, Rumors of toxic nature of tomatoes persisted until Tomatoes were not important until processing industry developed to produce canned and bottled products - juice, whole tomatoes, paste, catsup.
Plants are outbreeding perennials, selection has been for self-pollination.
Cherry tomatoes are closer to wild types than large-fruited cultivars.
Sweet peppers - Capsicum annuum - from Mexico, 8000 ybp.

25. Palms
Coconut: Cocos nucifera - monocot, very imporant plant in tropics, used for oil, fiber, food and drink.
Origin is controversial since coconuts can be dispersed by ocean currents.
Coconuts are monecious, mature fruit contains one seed which is the largest one known.
Green coconuts have liquid endosperm which solidifies to form the "meat". The coconut "apple" is the base of the developing embryo and can also be eaten.
Date palm - Phoenix dactylifera
found in arid regions around Meditteranean, domesticated for 6500 years.
Dates contain large amounts of carbohydrates, "Tree of life" to Bedouins.

26. Tropical
Pineapple
Banana
Figs
Avacados
Mangoes
Pomegranates
Papaya

27. Tropical Fruits Pineapple - Ananas comosus
a multiple fruit formed by fused ovaries.
Fruits develop without pollination - parthenocarpic Hawaii is currently world's largest producer of pineapples due to efforts of J. P. Dole.
pineapple contains a proteolytic enzyme and therefore don't put fresh or frozen pineapple in jello, gelatin is an animal protein and it will not set
Bananas - Musa paradisica-
Fruit is a berry
origin is obscured by hybridization and polyploids, selection for seedlessness.
Adult plants are giant herbs. Flowers are monoecious, fruit is an accessory type formed from an inferior ovary. Main obstacle to commercial development of bananas was control of spoilage, which was done around 1930.
Breadfruit and Jackfruit - Artocarpus
Native to Polynesia, tree that produces multiple fruits.
The mutiny on the H.M.S. Bounty occurred during an excursion to collect breadfruits.

28. Tropical Fruits Avocados - Persea americana
Have high oil content, known only as a cultivated species from at least 9000 ybp in New World.
Was made popular by denying it was an aphrodisiac in 1920's.
Mangoes - Mangifera indica
From SE Asia, important food source for poor of Jamaica and Haiti and can also be found in U.S. supermarkets.
Pomegranates - Punica granatum
source of word for grenade since fruits will shatter and scatter seeds when thrown down.

29. Tropical nuts Cashews – Anacardium occidentale.
The "nuts" are seeds, member of same family as poison ivy.
Latex in seed coat is irritating.
Macadamia – Macadamia integrifolia sweet, buttery expensive nut grown mainly in Hawaii