1. Living Environment Regents Review Terms
This power point corresponds with the green living environment workbook
Topics 5,6 and 9 are not included
By: Demitra Tzakas

2. Topic 1- Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms
Important definitions
Cells- basic units of structure and function
Metabolism- combination of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
Homeostasis- maintenance of internal stability
Reproduction- living things pass hereditary information to new organisms of the same type
Life Processes
Cell respiration- breaking nutrients into smaller units to release the chemical energy stored in them
Synthesis- combining simple substances into complex substances
Growth- increasing the size or number of cells
Excretion- removing wastes from organisms

3. Organic and Inorganic molecules
Organic molecules- contain carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic molecules- do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Organization
Organelles- specialized structures
Tissues- groups of specialized cells in multicellular organisms
Organ- performs one of the life processes
Organ system- several organs working together to perform a life process.
Cell- Tissue-Organ-Organ System
Organelles inside the cell
Nucleus- largest structure that controls the cell’s metabolism and contains DNA
Vacuoles- storage sacs within the cytoplasm
Ribosomes- make proteins
Mitochondria- energy source
Chloroplast- green structures in plant cells that contain chlorophyll used for photosynthesis
Cell membrane- thin structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell
Centrioles- help in cell division in animal cells
Cell wall- protective structure around a plant cell
E.R.- transport and manufacture material to other locations
Lysosome- keep animal cells clean by recycling materials
Golgi bodies- involved in intracellular secretion and transport.
Cytoplasm- holds organelles

4. Animal cell
Plant cell

5. Diffusion- molecules move from high to low concentration
Active transport- moving molecules from low concentration to high concentration
Molecules in cells
Digestion- large molecules being broken down into simpler molecules
Amino acids- result of digestion of proteins
Simple sugars- result of digestion of starches
Nerve cells
Receptor molecules- receive messages from other cells
Hormones- chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells

6. Human Body Systems
Digestion- one-way passage through the body
Respiration- uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy
Circulation- involves involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism.
Excretion- removal of all waste products of digestion
Movement- interaction of muscles and bones-muscular and skeletal systems
Coordination- Nervous system sends signals along nerves. Glands of the endocrine system produce chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream.
Immunity- ability to resist disease due to antibodies that can be made by having a vaccination or catching the disease.
Reproduction- organisms reproduce the same kind. Releases sex cells and hormones that are needed for the making of offspring and regulation of their development.

7. Topic 2- Homeostasis in Organisms
Biochemical processes- chemical processes that occur in living things
Photosynthesis- energy is stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates. Light energy+ water+ carbon dioxide= glucose + oxygen. Carried out by plants
Cellular respiration- completed in the mitochondria of living organisms. Glucose+ oxygen= ATP+ water + carbon dioxide
Important terms
Enzyme- special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions
Gas exchange- obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide
Catalyst- any substance that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed or used up during the reaction.
Optimum- highest point
Dynamic equilibrium- keep the environment within the limits needed for survival
Feedback mechanism- cycle in which the output of a system modifies or reinforces the action taken by the system
Stimuli- changes in the environment

8. Disease affecting homeostasis
Disease- any condition that prevents the body from working as it should. Cause of disease= inherited disorder( down syndrome, sickle cell disease), exposure to toxins(lead poisoning, radiation poisoning), poor nutrition(scurvy, goiter), organ malfunction(heart attack, diabetes), high-risk behaviors(lung cancer, drug addiction).
Pathogen- viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites that interfere with our normal functioning and make us seriously ill.
Cancer- genetic mutations in a cell that result in uncontrolled cell division.
Immune system- body’s primary defense against disease causing pathogens
Antigen- trigger a response from the immune system
Antibodies- proteins that either attack the invaders or mark them for killing
Microbes- microscopic organisms
Vaccines- made of weakened or killed pathogens that help build antibodies for immunity
AIDS- an example of a disease caused by an attack on the immune system
Allergy- rapid immune system reaction to environmental substances that are normally harmless
Histamine- released by the immune system as a reaction
Antihistamine- reduces the effects of the histamines and the symptoms they cause

9. Topic 3- genetic continuity
Hereditary and genes
Heredity- passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction
DNA- hereditary information
Chromosomes- found in the nuclei and contain DNA- double helix
Asexual reproduction- involves one parent
Clones- identical copies of the parent
Sexual reproduction- involves two parents
Sperm- sex cells produced by the male
Egg- sex cell produced by the female
Body cells- cells other than sex cells
Genetic recombination- when a sperm and egg combine to form a new cell with a complete set of genetic instructions, a unique combination if genes result.
Subunits- smaller sections DNA molecules are made of
In DNA A-T and G-T, In RNA A-U and G-T

10. Genetic Engineering- new technology humans use to alter the instructions in organisms
Selective breeding- process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with desirable traits
Biotechnology- application of technology to biological science

11. Topic 4- Reproduction and development
Asexual reproduction- identical to parent
Sexual reproduction- offspring receive half genes from one parent and half from another
Sex cells-gametes(egg or sperm cells)
Clone- identical copy
Cell division-orderly separation of one cell into two
Mitosis- produces two cells that each a full set of identical genes and chromosomes
Meiosis- each sex cell only has half the genetic information needed for a cell to function properly- variation
Fertilization- when sperm and egg meet or combine

12. Female reproductive system
Ovaries- produce gametes-egg cells
Estrogen- hormone
Oviducts- where fertilization occurs
Uterus- where fetus develops
Placenta- organ responsible for the passage of nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the fetus
Male reproductive system
Testes- produce male gametes- sperm
Testosterone- male hormone

13. Topic 7- Human impact on ecosystems
Renewable resources- can be replaced, ex: oxygen and sunlight
Nonrenewable resources- cannot be replaced, ex: fossil fuels and minerals
Pollution- a harmful change in the chemical makeup of soil, water, or air- can affect the environment and disrupt ecosystems
Soil formation- soils forms when weathering breaks down rocks and when organic molecules are decaying plants and animals accumulate.
Water cycle- water continually moves from earths surface to the atmosphere and back.
Flow of energy in an ecosystem is presented by food chains, food webs and energy pyramids
Carrying capacity- number of individuals of a species the environment can support
Deforestation- destruction of forests
Biodiversity- wide variety of different species living together in an ecosystem

14. Topic 8- scientific inquiry and skills
Similar to the scientific method
Scientific inquiry
-questioning
-observing and inferring
-experimenting
-collecting and organizing data
-finding evidence and drawing conclusions
-repeat the experiment several times
-peer review
Independent variable- factors that may influence the dependent variable
Dependent variable- what is being measured
Control- established reference point used as a standard of comparison

15. Good Luck!