1. 22
The Progressive Era 1895–1917

2. The Muckrakers At the beginning of the twentieth century magazines enjoyed increasing popularity. McClure’s Magazine pioneered investigative journalism. The November 1902 edition featured the first installment of Ida Tarbell’s two-year series on Standard Oil that exposed the corrupt practices and deals that had helped create the company.
The Muckrakers At the beginning of the twentieth century magazines enjoyed increasing popularity. McClure’s Magazine pioneered investigative journalism. The November 1902 edition featured the first installment of Ida Tarbell’s two-year series on Standard Oil that exposed the corrupt practices and deals that had helped create the company.

3. The Progressive Era 1895–1917 The Changing Face of Industrialism
Society’s Masses
Conflict in the Workplace
A New Urban Culture

4. Muckrakers Call For Reform
Journalistic voice of progressivism
Reflected worry about society, the effects of industrialization and urbanization, social disorder, political corruption
Thousands set out to cure ills of society

5. The Changing Face of Industrialism

6. The Changing Face of Industrialism
Industrial growth meant more goods at lower prices
Residue of social problems from 1890s
New century began on optimistic note

7. The Innovative Model T
Henry Ford transformed auto industry with mass production
Small profit on each unit, gross of huge profit on high volume of sales
1908: Model T introduced
1916: Federal government began highway subsidies

8. Rise of Mass Production Henry Ford built his first car in 1896, then produced improved models, each designated by a letter of the alphabet. Shown here are Henry Ford and a friend in a 1905 Model N, Ford’s best-selling model before the Model T debuted in The “Tin Lizzie” was Ford’s “motorcar for the multitudes,” affordably priced so that every family could own one. The automobile changed American life and the American landscape as it spawned the development of paved roads, traffic lights, and numerous auto-related businesses.
Rise of Mass Production Henry Ford built his first car in 1896, then produced improved models, each designated by a letter of the alphabet. Shown here are Henry Ford and a friend in a 1905 Model N, Ford’s best-selling model before the Model T debuted in The “Tin Lizzie” was Ford’s “motorcar for the multitudes,” affordably priced so that every family could own one. The automobile changed American life and the American landscape as it spawned the development of paved roads, traffic lights, and numerous auto-related businesses.

9. The Burgeoning Trusts
The trend toward bigness in industry accelerated after 1900
Bankers provided integrated control through interlocking directorates
Trusts controversial
Often denounced as threats to equality
Some defended as more efficient

10. Figure 22.1 Business Consolidations (Mergers), 1895–1905

11. Managing the Machines
Frederick Taylor advocated “Scientific Management” to increase efficiency
Worker welfare, morale suffered
Better paychecks
Increased danger, tedium
1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire demonstrated risks of factory work

12. Tragedy at the Triangle Company Fire nets were of no avail to the workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company who jumped from the upper stories to escape the flames. Speaking to a mass meeting after the fire, labor organizer Rose Schneiderman inveighed against a system that treated human beings as expendable commodities.
Tragedy at the Triangle Company Fire nets were of no avail to the workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company who jumped from the upper stories to escape the flames.

13. Tragedy at the Triangle Company (continued) Fire nets were of no avail to the workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company who jumped from the upper stories to escape the flames. Speaking to a mass meeting after the fire, labor organizer Rose Schneiderman inveighed against a system that treated human beings as expendable commodities.
Tragedy at the Triangle Company (continued) Speaking to a mass meeting after the fire, labor organizer Rose Schneiderman inveighed against a system that treated human beings as expendable commodities.

14. Society s Masses ’
Society’s Masses

15. Society’s Masses Employment expanded rapidly to increase production
Women, immigrants, blacks, Mexican Americans entered work force

16. Better Times on the Farm
Isolation reduced by mail and parcel post deliveries to farms
Tenant farmers remained impoverished
Western farmers benefited from vast irrigation projects

17. Women and Children at Work
Women resisted ideals of domesticity to enter work force
Women's labor unions defended rights of women, child laborers
Sheppard-Towner Act 1921: Protected health of pregnant workers and their infants

18. Child Labor Breaker boys, who picked out pieces of slate from the coal as it rushed past, often became bent-backed and suffered respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and tuberculosis after years of working 14 hours a day in the coal mines. Accidents—and deaths—were common in the mines.
Child Labor Breaker boys, who picked out pieces of slate from the coal as it rushed past, often became bent-backed and suffered respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and tuberculosis after years of working 14 hours a day in the coal mines. Accidents—and deaths—were common in the mines.

19. The Niagara Movement and the NAACP
Most African Americans were poor sharecroppers, segregated by Jim Crow Laws and at mercy of violent white mobs
Black workers gained least from prosperity
1905: W.E.B. DuBois, others rejected accommodation to racist society

20. The Niagara Movement and the NAACP (cont’d)
"Niagara Movement" demands immediate respect for equal rights of all
NAACP, Urban League, advocate African American rights

21. Immigrants in the Labor Force
1901–1920: Fresh influx of Europeans, Mexicans, Asians to labor force
Non-English speakers considered a social problem

22. Figure Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920 (by area of origin) Note: For purposes of classification, “Northern and Western Europe” includes Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, France, and Germany. “Southern and Eastern Europe” includes Poland, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the Baltic States, Romania, Bulgaria, European Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. “Asia, Africa, and America” includes Asian Turkey, China, Japan, India, Canada, the Caribbean, Latin America, and all of Africa. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Washington, DC, 1975.
Figure Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920 (by area of origin) Note: For purposes of classification, “Northern and Western Europe” includes Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, France, and Germany. “Southern and Eastern Europe” includes Poland, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the Baltic States, Romania, Bulgaria, European Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. “Asia, Africa, and America” includes Asian Turkey, China, Japan, India, Canada, the Caribbean, Latin America, and all of Africa. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Washington, DC, 1975.

23. Immigrants in the Labor Force (cont’d)
Programs to "Americanize" them
Immigration limitations
Chinese immigration banned in 1902
Literacy tests used against other immigrant groups

24. Figure 22.3 Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920

25. Immigrants from Asia Japanese immigrants wait with a Methodist deaconess in the administration building of the immigration station at Angel Island, near San Francisco. Quota systems and exclusionary laws limited Asian immigration, while other laws placed restrictions on the immigrants, curtailing their right to own or even rent agricultural land. Some Asian immigrants, after months of detention at Angel Island, were refused permission to enter the United States and were forced to return to their homelands. (Source: Courtesy of the California Historical Society, FN )
Immigrants from Asia Japanese immigrants wait with a Methodist deaconess in the administration building of the immigration station at Angel Island, near San Francisco. Quota systems and exclusionary laws limited Asian immigration, while other laws placed restrictions on the immigrants, curtailing their right to own or even rent agricultural land. Some Asian immigrants, after months of detention at Angel Island, were refused permission to enter the United States and were forced to return to their homelands. (Source: Courtesy of the California Historical Society, FN )

26. Conflict in the Workplace

27. Conflict in the Workplace
Low wages combined with demands for increased productivity led to increase in labor unrest in early 1900s
Industrial productivity fell
Union membership soared

28. Figure 22. 4 Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920 Source: U. S
Figure Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982–1983, 103rd ed., Washington, DC, 1982.
Figure Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1982–1983, 103rd ed., Washington, DC, 1982.

29. Organizing Labor A.F.L., led by Samuel Gompers was the largest union
1903: Women excluded from A.F.L. form Women's Trade Union League: Triangle Shirtwaist Co, Fire—1911
Hart, Schaffner Agreement: first successful collective bargaining
1905: Industrial Workers of the World— unskilled, foreign-born workers

30. A Radical Union Holding signs and banners that proudly display their union allegiance, including a sign with the slogan, “An injury to one is an injury to all,” women of the IWW participate in a strike at the Oliver Iron and Steel Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in The Clayton Act in 1914 legalized picketing and other union activity.
A Radical Union Holding signs and banners that proudly display their union allegiance, including a sign with the slogan, “An injury to one is an injury to all,” women of the IWW participate in a strike at the Oliver Iron and Steel Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in The Clayton Act in 1914 legalized picketing and other union activity.

31. Organizing Labor (cont’d)
Led major strikes
Fears of class warfare increase
Employers improved working conditions to avoid trouble
Henry Ford doubled wages, reduced workday
Plant production increased
Union activity ended

32. A New Urban Culture
A New Urban Culture

33. A New Urban Culture Mass production required mass consumption
Growing middle class consumed new inventions and entertainment

34. Production and Consumption
1900–1920: New advertising techniques created demand for goods
Goods increased U.S. standard of living
Wealth increasingly concentrated

35. Living and Dying in an Urban Nation
By 1920, the average life span increased substantially, infant mortality still high
Booming cities took on modern form
Zoning regulations, first in Los Angeles, separated industrial, commercial, residential areas

36. Popular Pastimes
Ordinary people achieved leisure for first time in American history
Spectator pastimes included baseball, football, movies, concerts
Popular music: Sousa marches, ragtime, blues, jazz, vaudeville
Light reading included romance, detective, science-fiction novels

37. Experimentation in the Arts
Dance: Isadora Duncan
Painting: Ashcan School, post-Impressionists
Poetry: T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound

38. Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform

39. Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform
Racism, labor conflict remained
Solid social and economic gains made
Optimism that social experiments can succeed

40. Timeline
Timeline

41. Timeline (continued)
Timeline (continued)