1. Chapter 22 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA America Past and Present Eighth Edition

2. The Changing Face of Industrialism Industrial growth meant more goods at lower prices Residue of social problems from 1890s –Poverty & disease persisted 20th century began on optimistic note –People believed technology & enterprise would shape a better life p.628-629

3. The Innovative Model T Henry Ford transformed auto industry with mass production Small profit on each unit, gross of huge profit on high volume of sales 1908: Model T introduced –Best example of a mass produced consumer product in the early 1900s 1916: Fed govt began highway subsidies p.629-630

4. The Burgeoning Trusts The trend toward bigness in industry accelerated after 1900 –Standard Oil, American Tobacco, Amalgamated Copper, US Rubber 1% of industrialized firms producing nearly ½ of all manufactured goods Bankers provided integrated control through interlocking directorates Trusts controversial – Often denounced as threats to equality – Some defended as more efficient p.630-631

5. Business Consolidations (mergers), 1895–1905 p.630

6. Managing the Machines Frederick Taylor pub’d “Principles of Scientific Management, 1911” which advocated work standards & coop Worker welfare, morale suffered – Better paychecks – Increased danger, tedium 1911 ~ Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire demonstrated risks of factory work p.631

7. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Focused attention on unsafe working conditions Doors locked to prevent theft & keep out labor organizers 146 deaths from stampede, burns, smoke inhalation, & jumping Mostly Italians & Jews from Eastern Europe NYC ~ March 1911 p.632

8. Protests Against Working Conditions Rose Schneiderman, 29 yr old organizer for the Women’s Trade Union, lead numerous protests against factory working conditions. Outcry impelled NY’s governor to estab a State Factory Investigating Commission p.632-633

9. Society's Masses To keep up with the demand for workers, more & more women, African Americans, Asians, & Mexican Americans entered the workforce –Expanded employment increased production For many, life was harsh, spent in slums & working long hours p.633

10. Better Times on the Farm Isolation reduced by mail and parcel post deliveries to farms Tenant farmers remained impoverished Western farmers benefited from vast irrigation projects p.633-634

11. Irrigation & Conservation in the West to 1917 p.633

12. Women & Children at Work Women resisted ideals of domesticity to enter work force Women’s labor unions defended rights of women & child laborers Sheppard-Towner Maternity & Infancy Protection Act of 1921: Helped fund maternity & pediatric clinics –Set precedent for the Social Security Act of 1935 p.634-635

13. Margaret Sanger Nurse & outspoken social reformer, led a campaign to give physicians broad discretion in prescribing contraceptives Fed Comstock Law banned interstate transport of devices & information p.635-637

14. The Niagara Movement & the NAACP Most African Americans were poor sharecroppers, segregated by Jim Crow Laws & at mercy of violent white mobs Black workers gained least from prosperity 1905: W.E.B. DuBois & others rejected accommodation to racist society "Niagara Movement" demands immediate respect for equal rights of all –DeBois head of Niagara Movement NAACP & Urban League advocate African American rights p.635-639

15. "I Hear the Whistle": Immigrants in the Labor Force 1901–1920: Fresh influx of Europeans, Mexicans, Asians to labor force Non-English speakers considered a social problem Programs to "Americanize" them Immigration limitations –Chinese immigration banned in 1902 –Literacy tests used against other immigrant groups p.639-641

16. Immigration to the United States 1900–1920 (by area of origin) p.639

17. Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920 p.640

18. Conflict in the Workplace Low wages combined with demands for increased productivity led to increase in labor unrest in early 1900s Industrial productivity fell Union membership soared p.642

19. Organizing Labor AFL led by Samuel Gompers was the largest union 1903 ~ Women excluded from AFL form Women's Trade Union League 1905 ~ Those excluded from AFL form Industrial Workers of the World Radical organizations win spectacular strikes with small numbers Fear of class warfare increases p.642-643

20. Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920 p.642

21. Working with Workers Some employers turned to the new fields of applied psychology & personnel management to improved working conditions & avoid trouble Henry Ford doubled wages, reduced workday ~ Tried many innovations – Plant production increased – Union activity ended “Hawthorne Effect” ~ Cicero, IL – Western Electric Plant – NIB p.644

22. Amoskeag Manchester, NH Amoskeag Mills (textile plant), modeled paternalistic approach to labor management Company hired whole families Benefits included playgrounds, health care, home-buying plans, recreation –A model community Japanese system? p.644-645

23. A New Urban Culture For many, life improved significantly between 1900-1920 –Jobs were plentiful –Growing middle class consumed new inventions & entertainment Americans increasingly became consumers of the mass production of products p.645

24. Production & Consumption 1900–1920: Advertising agencies boomed. New techniques created demand for goods Goods increased US standard of living Middle class expanded & rich grew richer New federal Income Tax (1920) provided first accurate accounting of income –5% of population collected almost 25% of $ p.645-646

25. Living & Dying in an Urban Nation By 1920, the average life span increased substantially, infant mortality (death rate) still high Booming cities took on modern form –Giants were NYC, Chicago, & Philadelphia ~ Turned out every kind of product from textiles to structural steel Zoning regulations, first in Los Angles, separated industrial, commercial, residential areas p.646-647

26. Popular Pastimes Ordinary people achieved leisure for first time in American history Popular music: Sousa marches, ragtime, blues, jazz, vaudeville Light reading included romance, detective, science-fiction novels Spectator pastimes included baseball, football, movies, concerts –1905 ~ 18 players die playing college football ~ TR decided to clean it up –National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) founded in 1910 p.647-648

27. Experimentation in the Arts Isadora Duncan transformed dance –Departed from traditional ballet steps & stressed improvisation T.S. Eliot rejected traditional poetic meter & rhyme p.648-650

28. Experimentation in the Arts Robert Henri & the realist painters – known to their critics as the “Ash Can” School—relished in the excitement of the environment of the cities –Painted the truth with “strength, fearlessness & individuality” –Note: “Ashcan” p.648-650

29. A Ferment of Discovery & Reform Racism, labor conflict remained Solid social & economic gains made Optimism that social experiments can succeed p.650

30. Chapter 22 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA America Past and Present Eighth Edition End