1. 4.04 Understand the Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

2. 4.04 Understand the Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
What are some disorders of the endocrine system? How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system?
HORMONES=CHEMICALS
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

3. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

4. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Adrenal Cortex
*Addison's disease
What is the cause of Addison’s disease?
Hypofunction of adrenal cortex
*SYMPTOMS: Excessive pigmentation “bronzing” of the skin, decreased blood glucose, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, vomiting
TREATMENT: Replace deficient hormones
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

5. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal Cortex
Cushing's Syndrome-hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal cortex
What is a syndrome?
A group of symptoms characteristic of a disease
What are some common symptoms of Cushings’? High blood pressure, muscle weakness, obesity, poor healing of skin lesions, bruise easily, excessive hair growth, menstrual disorders, hyperglycemia, “moon” face, “buffalo hump”
How is Cushing’s syndrome treated? Surgical removal of the adrenal cortical tumor
Compare the before and after pictures at the right.
Before
After

6. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal Glands
*Steroid Abuse in Sports-used to build bigger, stronger muscles
What are the *RISKS?
*Males-liver changes, decrease spleen production, atrophy of testicles, breast enlargement, risk of cardiovascular diseaseheadaches, dizziness, hypertension, mood swings, aggressiveness
Females-amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle), abnormal placement of body hair, baldness, voice changes, headaches, dizziness, hypertension, mood swings, aggressiveness

7. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Pancreas
*Diabetes Mellitus-decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans or caused by ineffective use of insulin
The most common screening tool for diabetes is a urinalysis
What is the normal blood sugar range?
*SYMPTOMS: HYPERGYLCEMIA (high blood sugar), polyuria (increase urination), polydypsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), weight loss, blurred vision, possible diabetic coma

8. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus (Type I)-aka juvenile diabetes; thought to be caused by autoimmune reaction and the islets of Langerhans are destroyed
*TREATMENT:
Must take insulin daily and monitor blood sugar
What age group is most commonly effected?
Children or young adults
***The pancreas
secretes the most
insulin after meals

9. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreas
Diabetes Type II-insulin is secreted in small amounts; 90-95% of diabetics have this type.
Compare Type I to Type II diabetes-Type II is more common in adults over 45, overweight, family history, certain ethnic or cultural groups
*TREATMENT: Insulin (oral or injections), diet
Discuss some of the complications of diabetes? Atherosclerosis, hypertension, blindness, cataracts, glaucoma, dental disease, kidney damage, amputations, nerve damage

10. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Pituitary Gland
*Acromegaly-hypersecretion of the growth hormone (GH) during adulthood causing overdevelopment of the bones of the face, hands and feet; the chin protrudes and the lips, nose and extremities enlarge; usually due to a tumor.
How is acromegaly treated?
Drug therapy to inhibit the GH (growth hormone) and radiation.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

11. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary Gland
*Growth Hormone Deficiency (childhood)-dwarfism
What are some common symptoms?
*Physique remains juvenile and sexually immature; body is proportionate and intelligence is normal
How is it treated? early diagnosis to begin GH (growth hormone) injections for 5 years or more
Why is important to treat it early?
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

12. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary Gland
Gigantism-hyperfunctioning of the pituitary gland during preadolescence (often due to a tumor)
What are the symptoms? Overgrowth of the long bones leading to tallness
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

13. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Parathyroid
*Tetany: caused by hypofunction of the parathyroid or removal of the parathyroid; diminished calcium levels affect the nerve function
What are the *SYMPTOMS? Convulsive twitching and the person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles
What are the treatments? Administer Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone to restore calcium balance.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

14. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Thyroid Gland
*Hyperthyroidism-overactivity of the thyroid gland; *too much THYROXINE is secreted and the thyroid gland enlarges
*SYMPTOMS: Nervous irritability, feel hot, large appetite with weight loss, fast growing but rough fingernails, weak muscles, increased blood pressure, tremors, perspiration, exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs), dilated pupils, enlarged thyroid (goiter)
TREATMENT: Total or partial removal of the thyroid, medications, radioactive iodine

15. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Thyroid Gland
*Hypothyroidism-thyroid gland doesn’t secrete enough thyroxine; may be due to iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland
SYMPTOMS: Simple goiter (due to lack of iodine), dry and itchy skin, brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, myxedema (swollen face, weight gain, memory failure), cretinism (lack of mental and physical growth-retardation)
*TREATMENT: Use of iodized salt, thyroid meds

16. 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
What are some disorders of the endocrine system? How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system?
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system