1. Thyroid Disorders

2. Endocrine Glands Collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.  Adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovaries, testes, thymus gland, thyroid gland

3. Thyroid Gland (Hormone.org, 2012)

4. Figure 12-7: Effects of thyroxine. (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, Mulvhill, 2010)

5. Thyroid TSH T3 T4 Disruption of hormones  Hyperthyroidism  Hypothyroidism (NIDDK, 2006)

6. Hyperthyroidism One of the most common hyperthyroid disorders  Graves’ Disease  More common in women than men

7. Hyperthyroid Symptoms Exophthalmos Profuse perspiration Hand tremors Goiter Weight loss Nervousness/excitability Rapid pulse Polydipsia Diarrhea Insomnia

8. Insert Figure 12-9: Thyroid goiter. (Newscom) (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, Mulvhill, 2010)

10. Hypothyroidism Most common type of hypothyroidism  Hashimoto’s Disease  The thyroid doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone  Symptoms:  Fatigue, mental depression, feeling cold, weight gain, dry skin and hair, constipation, menstrual irregularities

11. Thyroid Cancer Most people have no symptoms 4 types:  Papillary – slow growing – easily treated – rarely fatal  Follicular – again slow growing – rarely fatal  Medullary – less common – more aggressive  Anaplastic – least common – most aggressive

12. Addison’s Disease Adrenal Insufficiency  Adrenal glands cannot produce enough cortisol OR  Pituitary gland fails to produce enouch adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Symptoms:  Chronic, worsening fatigue  Muscle weakness  Loss of appetite  Weight loss  Nausea/vomiting  Diarrhea  Craving for salty foods  Low blood glucose  Headache

13. Cushing’s Syndrome Caused by prolonged exposure of the body’s tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. Relatively rare but risk factors:  Obesity  Type 2 diabetes  High blood pressure

14. Cushing’s Syndrome Signs & Symptoms:  Rounded face  Upper body obesity  Increased neck fat  Bruise easily / poor healing  Weakened bones  Fatigue  Increased thirst/urination  Irritability / anxiety / depression (NIDDK, 2006)

15. Insert Figure 12-11: A patient with Cushing’s syndrome (A) before and (B) after receiving treatment. (Sharmyn McGraw) (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, Mulvhill, 2010)

16. Treatments Medication Radioactive Iodine Surgery Prevention??