1. ISM Code Training Material
Ship-Type Operations
ISM Code
Training Material
UNITAS

2. Ship-Type Operations
UNITAS

3. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Cargo and Trades
Typical bulk cargoes: grain, coal, iron ore, fertilizer,
minerals, concentrates & their characteristics
Personnel protection
Bulk Carrier Features and Specialities
OBO and open bulkers
Size ranges: handy size, panamax, suezmax, cape size
Geared bulkers, self unloaders & hatch cover features
UNITAS

4. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Cargo Operations
General operation on board
Basic preparation of holds
Loading operation
Cargo distribution
Laden voyage
Discharging operation
Disposal of cargo residue and
waste
UNITAS

5. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
UNITAS

6. Ship-Type Operations UNITAS Session 10 Bulk Carriers Grain Stability
In the past, especially 19th century, ships carrying grain
cargo were lost because voids were left under decks
Voids can cause grain cargo to shift due to rolling of the
ship, creating a heeling moment. If this moment is greater
than the righting moment, ship capsizes. If less, it causes a
heel, can expose openings or cause further cargo shift
The term grain includes wheat, maize (corn), oats, rye,
barley, rice, pulses, seeds and processed forms thereof
whose behavior is similar to that of grain in its natural
state (SOLAS Chapter VI).
UNITAS

7. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
International Grain Code
Bulk Carriers
Cargo ships to comply with this Code (SOLAS Ch.VI Reg.9). Sets
out requirements for stability and stowage
angle of heel due to grain shift < 12°
Grain Stability
statical stability
diagram, residual
area (as shown)
>0,075 m.rad
initial GM >0,30 m.
After loading, Master to ensure ship is upright before departure
UNITAS

8. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
Grain Stability
Stowage
Protection from capsizing of ships carrying grain cargoes:
Purposely designed ships, Bulk Carriers, with angled
upper wing tanks which make the cargo hold “self trimming”.
Fitting feeder ducts to fill the void spaces below deck.
Fitting longitudinal curtain bulkheads, break up free
surface.
Fitting shifting boards in the upper parts.
Saucers filled with bags of grain.
Trimming partially filled holds, covering with separation cloth or
platform and over stowing with bags of grain. Strapping, lashing, securing with wire mesh.
UNITAS

9. Ship-Type Operations Bulk carrier
Session 10
Bulk carrier
Wide deck openings as for cargo ship, but denser cargo. Strength of hatch covers
forward important. Side shell frames inside holds can be a problem if fractured.
Holds shaped to avoid
shifting of cargo.
Usually corrugated
bulkheads to prevent
trapping cargo.
Upper lower wing tanks
arrangement main feature.
UNITAS

10. Ship-Type Operations Ore carriers
Session 10
Ore carriers
Small cargo hold volumes owing to
very dense cargo.
Flush longitudinal bulkheads makes it
easier to load unload cargo.
Bulk carrier loaded with iron ore cargo- alternate loading causes high stresses.
UNITAS

11. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
High density cargo
Bulkhead buckling
UNITAS

12. Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
Bad examples
Cargo distribution
UNITAS

13. 10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades
Ship-Type Operations
10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades
Dry bulk Wet bulk
Iron ore crude oil (Clean/dirty)
Coal chemicals
Grain refinery products
Bauxite/ Alumina alcohols
Phosphate rock naptha
Fertilizer benzol etc.
Minerals
UNITAS

14. 10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades
Ship-Type Operations
10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades
Unpacked dry cargo such as grain, iron ore, coal fertilizer or minerals etc.
Any commodity shipped loose without being packed in cargo units is called bulk cargo.
Shipped in large quantities
Mostly on long haul trades between continents
Freight per ton
UNITAS

15. 10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades
Ship-Type Operations
10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades
A few examples:
Tubarao (S.America) – Qingdao (China) – Coal
Richards bay (S.Africa) – Rotterdam – Coal
South Brazil – Bejaia (N.Africa) – Sugar
Ponta de Madeira (S.America)
– Taranto – Ore
Rio de la Plata (S.America)
– N.America / - Grain
UNITAS

16. Ship-Type Operations
10.2 Bulk cargo operations
Draft survey before and after loading/ discharging
Ballasting/ deballasting based on stress/strain
Stowage factor of cargo to be taken into account by calculation
Stowage factor = Density
UNITAS

17. 10.2 Bulk cargo operations preparation of cargo holds
Ship-Type Operations
10.2 Bulk cargo operations
preparation of cargo holds
cleaning, washing, drying holds with ventilation etc
Bilges to be swept, and covered
covering bilges, tank tops, bulkheads, tween-decks hatchways, lightings, sounding pipes, lashing points etc.
Cargo holds should be dust-, dirt- and odour free
No traces of previous cargo !!
Inspection by cargo surveyor prior loading
UNITAS

18. 10.2 Bulk cargo operations Cargo operations Ship-Type Operations
Loading/ discharging by grabs
Discharging by suction – grain & light cargo
Draft survey before & after loading& discharging
Bob-cat or other excavating trucks remove cargo from hold edges, tank top etc.
Rest cargo after finishing discharge to be removed manually by crew – shovels, brooms, drums…
UNITAS

19. 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Ship-Type Operations
10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Bulk carrier:
in general a ship constructed with - single deck - top side tanks and - hopper tanks in cargo spaces
& intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk.
May be of single/double hull construction & includes ore carriers & combination carriers (OBO)
UNITAS

20. 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Ship-Type Operations
10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Loading / discharging sequence
Hogging/ sagging !!
Large cargo holds
Large Ballast tanks
Danger of cargo shifting in cargo hold
may cause heeling of ship which may lead to capsizing
Angle of repose of cargo not to exceed 30°
UNITAS

21. 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Ship-Type Operations
10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Economies of scale
Types of bulkers –
Handysize (< 25,000 GT)
Handymax (< 45,000 GT) – fertilisers, Grain etc.
Panamax bulker – ship dimensions limited to panama canal
Capesize (> 80,000 GT) – coal, Iron ore trade
VLBC (> 200,000 GT) – ores, coal, minerals
UNITAS

22. 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Ship-Type Operations
10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities
Framework – wear & tear
Wing tanks
Hatch cover systems
Coating of ballast tanks/ holds
Ballast hold (OBO‘s!!)
Stress on frames & shell plating due to
external forces (sea, crane grabs, bulldozers etc.)
Loading condition
Corroded steel/ poorly maintained hull plating
Welding of frames to hull loosened
UNITAS

23. Video: “Bulk Carrier Losses” (17 min)
Ship-Type Operations
Video: “Bulk Carrier Losses” (17 min)
UNITAS

24. “ Bulk Carriers Losses” “Bulk Carriers Safeguard”
Ship-Type Operations
Session 10
Bulk Carriers
VIDEOS
“ Bulk Carriers Losses”
“Bulk Carriers Safeguard”
UNITAS