1. The Crusades

2. The Quest for the Holy Land The Crusades –Series of 8 Christian military expeditions from Europe to Palestine –Dates: 1096-1270 –A Crusader: to take up the Cross –Motivation: to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims –Palestine (the Holy Land): ancient region of the southwest Asia, on east coast of the Mediterranean Muslim claim to the Holy Land Qur’an establishes claim that both Jews and Arabs are people of Abraham Believe God’s gift of Holy Land to Abraham meant for Arabs also Site of Muhammad’s ascension into heaven

3. Jewish claim to the Holy Land Torah establishes claim to Holy Land Believe Holy Land was gift from God to Abraham and Lot King David brought ark containing original Torah here Site of King Solomon’s temple Christian claim to the Holy Land Site of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection Home to original cross and stone of Christ’s tomb Site of sacred Church of the Holy Sepulchre Holds variety of Christian shrines

4. The First (Peasants’) Crusade Pope Urban II –Felt responsible for protecting Christianity from expansion by Muslim Turks –Wanted to unite all of Europe’s Christians to increase his personal power as pope –Promised forgiveness of sins for all who went on Crusade Peter the Hermit –Poor man who attracted peasant followers with his religious preaching –Also attracted thieves Knights –Commanded to defend Jerusalem, the “fief of God” –Crusades offered hope of adventure Nobles –Hoped to add to their personal fortunes and strengthen the power of monarchs Peasants –Those who went on crusades were released from feudal obligations –Crusades offered escape from drudgery of serf’s existence and hope of adventure

5. Results –Four armies all used different land routes to get to Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem –Crusaders attacked farmers, looted cottages, and massacred Jews during their crusade –Used siege tactics to capture Antioch from Muslims, but lost much of army to disease –Captured Jerusalem in 1099 & massacred 60 - 100k Muslims & Jews –Jerusalem now controlled by Christians; some crusaders returned to Europe, others stayed

6. The Third (Kings) Crusade Muslim Forces –Battle at the Horns of Hittin: Muslim victory over Christian Triggered the Third Crusade –Muslim Military Leaders: Imad al-Sin Zangi: one of the first Muslim leaders to use jihad against the crusaders Nur al-Din: son Zangi, captured several crusader state leaders Saladin: devout and chivalrous military leader who went to war when the crusaders broke a treaty by attacking a Muslim caravan

7. Christian Forces –The Call for the Third Crusade Archbishop of Tyre called for new crusade in response to Muslim victory at Hittin Sometimes called King’s crusade because military leaders were also monarchs –The Kings: Philip: King of France, more of a politician than a general Frederick Barbarossa: King of Germany, drowned on his way to Constantinople Richard I: King of England, nicknamed the lionheart, skilled military leader Results –Philip and Richard capture city of Acre, but Philip later returned to France –Richard grew impatient and ordered execution of all of Acre’s Muslims –Richard and Saladin fought many battles, but Richard never regained Jerusalem –Peace treaty of 1192: 1) crusaders to keep control north of Jaffa. 2) pilgrims free to visit holy places of Jerusalem

8. The Fourth Crusade: The Sack of Constantinople Crusaders –Called by Pope Innocent III to free Holy Land from non- Christians –Venice offered to supply crusaders in return for promise of half the wealth acquired –Focus of crusaders changed from religion to desire to pay off debt to Venice

9. Byzantines –Despite Pope’s opposition, crusaders attacked Zara, a Catholic Hungarian city –Crusaders then sacked the Byzantine city of Constantinople in A.D. 1204 –Sacked Muslim quarter –convinced that Byzantine Christians were traitors, attacked them, looted and set fire to the city Results Crusade broke apart in 1204; some money sent to Venetians Crusade leaders who stayed soon died; the city was drained of wealth and strength Greeks regained the city in 1261, Constantinople was in ruins, having forever lost its splendor and glory Led to permanent split between Latin and Greek Christian Churches

10. The Children’s Crusade Participants –Children and Shepherds –Laborers, wanderers, and sons who were not first born –Adults, including women with infants All participants believed divine will would help them defeat the Muslims Some parents joined their children; others insisted they return home Philip II of France demanded children return to their homes Results –Crusade fell apart when children reached Genoa, Italy –Some children died while attempting to sail to Holy Land –Many children sold to Muslim slave markets –Church claimed tragic fate of children crusaders was work of the devil

11. The Impact of the Crusades On Christians –Exposure to Muslim culture –Feudal structure weakened –Increased use of money –Kept control of the Mediterranean –Greek and Latin Churches permanently split –Failure of crusades produced bitter feelings towards Muslims On Muslims –Controlled most of Asia Minor but lost Spain –Political fragmentation of Muslim world after Saladin’s death –Generally respected Christians as “People of the Book” On the exchange of Ideas –Muslims adapted European military tactics –Muslim scholarship circulated throughout European universities as Arabic works were translated into Latin On the Exchange of Goods –Exchange of languages –Chess traveled to Europe through Muslims –Paper introduced to Europe through Muslims –Muslim arch used in European cathedrals –Textile industries adapted by Muslims