1. SLEEP

2. EEG Patterns: Measuring Brain Activity

3. The Stages of Sleep: Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)
STAGE 1: Drowsy; alpha activity; easily awakened
STAGE 2: Sleep spindles; sound asleep, but easily awakened
STAGE 3: Delta Waves (20-50% of record); hard to wake up; decrease in blood pressure, body temp, muscle tone, heart rate
STAGE 4: Deep Sleep; almost continuous Delta Waves; difficult to wake up; seldom move

4. The Stages of Sleep: REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movements
Vivid Dreaming
Paradoxical Sleep: Brain Wave Patterns look alert; Theta Wave Spikes in record
Complete loss of muscle tone

5. The Sleep Cycle

6. Theories of REM Sleep & Dreaming
Freudian Theory (Manifest vs. Latent Content)
Activation-Synthesis Theory (Cortex tries to make sense of random brain activity)
Neurocognitive Theory (Dreams are the result of thinking under unusual circumstances)

7. Why Do We Sleep? We don’t really know, but some theories:
Brain Development; Solidify information from the day
Repair & Restoration Theory: Restore homeostasis to brain chemistry
Evolutionary or Energy Conservation Theory: We sleep to conserve energy & avoid danger

8. Effects of Sleep Deprivation
No major effects up until 24 hours
Depression, lethargy, decline on task performance, especially vigilance tasks
Prolonged deprivation (>120 hours) can lead to hallucinations & psychotic behavior
Repeated REM deprivation leads to irritability
Metabolic processes remain largely unaffected

9. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Cataplexy Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors, Sleep Walking
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
(Restless Leg Syndrome)

10. Routes to Altered States of Consciousness
Drugs
Meditation
Hypnosis
Nonchemical Environmental Pathways

11. Sensory Deprivation Studies

12. Sensory Deprivation Studies

13. R.E.S.T: Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique

14. R.E.S.T: Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique

15. Sweat Lodges
Navajo Sweat Lodge
Crow Sweat Lodge

16. Factors that May be Operating in Extreme or Unusual Environments
*Intense or Novel Sensory Stimulation
*Trauma from Accidents
*Weightlessness, Pressure Changes
*Extreme Temperatures or Hypothermia
*Restricted Vision, Hearing, Smell
*Lack of Social Stimulation
*Monotonous Sensory Stimulation from Landscapes or
Seascapes

17. The Sensed Presence A perception or feeling that another
Person is present, usually to help.
Can range from a vague feeling to
A flesh & blood entity
May be a god, spirit, ancestor,
Or person known to observer.

18. Why Does a Sensed Presence Appear?
Motion of Boats
Atmospheric/Geomagnetic Activity
Changes in brain chemistry triggered by:
Stress
Lack of oxygen
Monotonous stimulation
Buildup of hormones
Shifting of attention from external, ambient stimuli to internal information we have less experience processing.