1. LeBon on Effect of the Mob (McPhail, p. 4) Anonymity Unaccountability Invincibility

2. Marx and McAdam (pp. 40-42) Seven Social Influence Processes Legitimacy in Numbers Illusion of Unanimity Diffusion of Responsibility Anonymity Solidarity Social Facilitation Immediacy

3. Effect of Crowd on Individual Perception of Social Support Perceived Social Support High Low Number of Participants FewMany source: McPhail, p. 123, based on Berk

4. Integrated Political Theory of 1970 Mass society: Macro Level/Institutional –accessible elites: lack of intermediate buffers between masses and elites –available masses: lack of integration into local associations and collectivities Available Masses swept into mass movements that threaten accessible elites

5. Kornhauser's Mass Society Available Non-elites: Lack of secondary, voluntary associations: mal-integration Accessible Elites: Vulnerability to non-elite influence, direct or mediated Availability of Non-Elites Accessibility of Elites LowHigh Low Communal Society Totalitarian Society High Pluralist Society Mass Society

6. Collective Behavior: Organizational/Group Level Neil Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, –mass movements begin with breakdown of social control –milling and gossip conducive to generalized beliefs need for immediate action sense of empowerment utopian goals

7. Frustration-Aggression: Social Psychological Theory Ted Gurr: intolerable "want-get" gap –literature on reference groups –relative deprivation James Davies –"J" curve of declining rewards/expectations –intolerable gap (like Gurr)

8. Davies J Curve of Rising Expectation Leading to Frustration Rewards High Low Time Early Late expected obtained intolerable want-get gap