REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 10

10-1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SPRITE CHART CURRENT EVENTS

WORD OF THE DAY ANTIQUITY P. 294 ARBITRARY – P. 305 SPRAWLING – P. 311 DOCILE – P. 320

WARM UPS NAME THE 4 GREAT MATHEMATICIANS WHO HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON ASTRONOMY. WHAT WAS MONTESQUIEU’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT? DESCRIBE AN ENLIGHTENED RULER. HOW DID THE PORTUGUESE AND THE SPANISH PROFIT FROM THEIR COLONIES IN LATIN AMERICA?

BACKGROUND TO THE REVOLUTION DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, EDUCATED EUROPEANS TOOK AN INTEREST IN THE WORLD AROUND THEM BUT MEDIEVAL SCIENTISTS DID NOT MAKE THEIR OWN OBSERVATIONS OF THE WORLD THEY RELIED ON WORKS FROM ANCIENT AUTHORITIES - ARISTOTLE THEN NEW DEVELOPMENTS AROSE - 1. RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS – MASTERED GREEK AND LATIN THEY WERE THEN ABLE TO READ WORKS BY PTOLEMY, ARCHIMEDES, AND PLATO

2. TECHNICAL PROBLEMS THAT REQUIRED CAREFUL MEASUREMENT AND OBSERVATION – STIMULATED SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY EXAMPLE - HOW MUCH WEIGHT CAN A SHIP HOLD? 3. INVENTION OF NEW PRODUCTS – TELESCOPE AND MICROSCOPE 4. PRINTING PRESS – HELPED TO SPEAD THE IDEAS THE STUDY OF MATH AND LOOKING AT THE WORKS OF ANCIENT MATHEMATICIANS ALSO PLAYED A ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION COPERNICUS, KEPLER, GALILEO, NEWTON *BELIEVED THAT THE SECRETS OF NATURE WERE WRITTEN IN THE LANGUAGE OF MATH AGE OF REASON – TIME PERIOD OF STUDYING, DISCARDING IDEAS, AND DEVELOPING THEORIES THAT BECAME THE BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM ASTRONOMY WAS VERY SIGNIFICANT IN THIS REVOLUTION THIS SYSTEM WAS CREATED BY CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY GREATEST ASTRONOMER OF ANTIQUITY HIS SYSTEM WAS CALLED GEOCENTRIC – IT PLACES THE EARTH AT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE

UNDER THIS SYSTEM THE UNIVERSE IS A SERIES OF CONCENTRIC SPHERES – ONE INSIDE THE OTHER SPHERES ARE MADE OF CRYSTAL-LIKE SUBSTANCES HEAVENLY BODIES OR PURE ORBS OF LIGHT ARE EMBEDDED IN EACH OF THESE SPHERES EARTH – FIXED AND MOTIONLESS AT THE CENTER THE TENTH SPHERE IN THIS SYSTEM WAS CALLED THE PRIME MOVER – MOVED ITSELF AND GAVE MOTION TO THE OTHER SPHERES BEYOND THIS WAS HEAVEN – GOD WAS AT THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

COPERNICUS AND KEPLER NICHOLAS COPERNICUS – MATHEMATICIAN - POLAND ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES FELT THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM WAS TOO COMPLICATED OFFERED A HELIOCENTRIC SOLUTION * THE SUN WAS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND IT THE MOON REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH

NEXT IN DESTROYING THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM WAS JOHANNES KEPLER – GERMAN MATHEMATICIAN HIS OBSERVATIONS CONFIRMED THAT THE SUN WAS AT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION HIS DATA SHOWED THAT THE PLANETS’ ORBIT AROUND THE SUN WERE NOT CIRCULAR BUT ELLIPTICAL – KEPLER’S FIRST LAW *THIS CONTRADICTED THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM OF CIRCULAR ORBITS AND CRYSTAL-LIKE SPHERES

GALILEO GALILEI – NOW THAT COPERNICUS AND KEPLER HAD IDENTIFIED NEW FINDINGS, THERE ARE NEW UNANSWERED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE THEY WILL BE ANSWERED BY GALILEO HE TAUGHT MATH *1ST EUROPEAN TO MAKE REGULAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE HEAVENS WITH A TELESCOPE *MOUNTAINS ON THE MOON, 4 MOONS REVOLVING AROUND JUPITER, AND SUNSPOTS DESTROYED THE CONCEPT OF PURE ORBS OF LIGHT – MATERIAL SUBSTANCES

PUBLISHED HIS FINDINGS IN THE STARRY MESSENGER IN 1610 THIS GOT HIM IN TROUBLE WITH THE CHURCH THE CHURCH ORDERED HIM TO ABANDON THESE COPERNICAN IDEAS WHY? WHAT WAS THE PROBLEM? *IT THREATENED THE CHURCH’S ENTIRE CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE AND SEEMED TO CONTRADICT THE BIBLE SO WHAT DID THE CHURCH DO????

ISAAC NEWTON – COPERNICUS, KEPLER, AND GALILEO COULD NOT EXPLAIN MOTION IN THE UNIVERSE NEWTON WILL NEWTON ATTENDED – CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR OF MATH MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY – PRINCIPIA GREATEST GENIUS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

NEWTON DEFINED THE 3 LAWS OF MOTION THAT GOVERN THE PLANETARY BODIES UNIVERSAL LAW GRAVITATION – EVERY OBJECT IN THE UNIVERSE IS ATTRACTED TO EVERY OTHER OBJECT BY A FORCE CALLED GRAVITY THIS CREATED A NEW PICTURE OF A HUGE, REGULATED UNIFORM MACHINE THAT WORKED ACCORDING TO NATURAL LAWS THIS CONCEPT WAS KEPT UNTIL EINSTEIN’S CONCEPT OF RELATIVITY WAS CREATED

BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEDICINE AND CHEMISTRY 16TH CENTURY CLAUDIUS GALEN – HIS WORK IN MEDICINE DOMINATED THE LATE MIDDLE AGES WHO WAS GALEN? – GREEK PHYSICIAN USED ANIMAL DISSECTION TO DEVELOP A PICTURE OF THE HUMAN ANATOMY HE WAS WRONG MOST OF THE TIME

THE NEW ANATOMY OF 16TH CENTURY – WAS BASED ON THE WORK OF ANDREAS VESALIUS PROFESSOR OF SURGERY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA ON THE FABRIC OF THE HUMAN BODY – DISCUSSED HIS FINDINGS MORE ACCURATE ABOUT HUMAN ORGANS AND THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE BODY EXPELLED MANY OF GALEN’S THEORIES EXCEPT 2 TYPES OF BLOOD FLOWED THROUGH THE VEINS AND ARTERIES

WILLIAM HARVEY ON THE MOTION OF THE HEART AND BLOOD *SHOWED THAT THE HEART NOT THE LIVER WAS THE BEGINNING POINT OF CIRCULATION IN THE BODY *SAME BLOOD FLOWS THROUGHOUT THE BODY *SHOWED THAT THE BLOOD MAKES A COMPLETE CIRCUIT AS IT PASSES THROUGH THE BODY

ROBERT BOYLE ONE OF THE 1ST SCIENTISTS TO CONDUCT CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES STUDIED THE PROPERTIES OF GASES WHICH LED TO BOYLES’S LAW – THE VOLUME OF A GAS VARIES WITH THE PRESSURE EXERTED ON IT ANTOINE LAVOISIER – INVENTED A SYSTEM OF NAMING THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REGARDED AS THE FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY

WOMEN AND THE ORIGINS OF MODERN SCIENCE WOMEN WERE INVOLVED IN THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PROMINENT 17TH CENTURY SCIENTIST – MARGARET CAVENDISH OBSERVATIONS UPON EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY DISPUTED THE IDEA OF HUMANS MASTERING THE UNIVERSE THROUGH SCIENCE

IN GERMANY MANY WOMEN WERE INVOLVED IN SCIENCE THE MAIN AREA WAS ASTRONOMY TRAINED BY FATHERS OR HUSBANDS MOST FAMOUS – MARIA WINKELMANN MARRIED GOTTFRIED KIRCH – PRUSSIA’S FOREMOST ASTRONOMER - ASSISTANT ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION – DISCOVERY OF A COMET

DESCARTES AND REASON RENE DESCARTES 17TH CENT FRENCH PHILOSOPHER THE NEW CONCEPTS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION HAD A PROFOUND AFFECT ON DESCARTES HE WROTE ABOUT DOUBT AND UNCERTAINTY DISCOURSE ON METHOD DOUBT WAS THE STARTING POINT OF HIS SYSTEM OF PHILOSOPHY HIS OWN EXISTENCE THOUGH WAS BEYOND DOUBT

HE EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF HIS OWN MIND AND ASSERTED THAT HE WOULD ACCEPT ONLY THOSE THINGS THAT HIS REASON SAID WERE TRUE 1ST PRINCIPLE – “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM” 2ND PRINCIPLE – THE MIND CANNOT BE DOUBTED BUT THE BODY AND MATERIAL WORLD CAN, THUS THE TWO MUST BE RADICALLY DIFFERENT

HE BELIEVED THAT MIND AND MATTER WERE COMPLETELY SEPARATE MATTER WAS DEAD OR INERT AND COULD BE COMPLETELY INVESTIGATED BY REASON REASON IS THE CHIEF SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE FATHER OF MODERN RATIONALISM

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD DURING THIS REVOLUTION SCIENTISTS BEGAN ASKING THEMSELVES HOW THEY COULD BEST UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL WORLD AROUND THEM THEY CAME UP WITH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTING AND ANALYZING EVIDENCE THIS WAS CRUCIAL TO THE EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE

FRANCIS BACON – CREATED THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ENGLIGH PHILOSOPHER SCIENTISTS SHOULD USE INDUCTIVE REASONING TO LEARN ABOUT NATURE PROCEEDING FROM THE PARTICULAR TO THE GENERAL USING SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS AND CAREFULLY ORGANIZED EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THEORIES BACON SAID THIS WOULD LEAD TO CORRECT GENERAL PRINCIPLES SCIENCE, AGRICULTURE, LABOR INDUSTRY, POLITICS

REVIEW QUESTIONS DESCRIBE PTOLEMY’S ANALYSIS OF THE UNIVERSE. WHAT CONTRIBUTIONS DID GALILEO MAKE TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? DESCRIBE COPERNICUS’ ANALYSIS OF THE UNIVERSE. WHAT CONTRIBUTIONS DID NEWTON MAKE TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? DESCRIBE THE MEDICAL BREAKTHROUGHS DURING THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION.

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT 18TH CENTURY
ENLIGHTENMENT - PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT BY INTELLECTUALS IMPRESSED WITH ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REASON – APPLYING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO UNDERSTAND ALL LIFE GOAL – TO CREATE A BETTER SOCIETY REASON, NATURAL LAW, HOPE, PROGRESS

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE ENLIGHTENMENT WAS GREATLY INFLUENCED BY TWO ENGLISHMEN ISAAC NEWTON AND JOHN LOCKE NEWTON – THE WORLD AND EVERYTHING IN IT WAS LIKE A GIANT MACHINE – NEWTONIAN WORLD-MACHINE LOCKE – ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING *EVERY PERSON WAS BORN WITH A TABULA RASA OR BLANK MIND PEOPLE ARE MOLDED BY THEIR EXPERIENCES IF SOCIETY CHANGED THEN PEOPLE WOULD CHANGE INTELLECTUALS BELIEVED THAT THEY COULD DISCOVER THE NATURAL LAWS OF SOCIETY BY FOLLOWING NEWTON’S LAW

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR IDEAS
ENLIGHTENMENT INTELLECTUALS WERE KNOWN BY THE FRENCH NAME PHILOSOPHE – PHILOSOPHER WRITERS, PROFESSORS, JOURNALISTS, ECONOMISTS, SOCIAL REFORMERS THE LEADERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT WERE FRENCH BUT THE ENGLISH INSPIRED THE ENLIGHTENMENT MAIN GOAL WAS TO CHANGE THE WORLD INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT LASTED ABOUT A CENTURY EVOLVED OVER TIME IT BECAME MORE RADICAL OFTEN DISAGREED

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT MONTESQUIEU
CHARLES-LOUIS DE SECONDAT, THE BARON DE MONTESQUIEU FRENCH NOBILITY THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS HE STUDIED DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTS – SCIENTIFIC METHOD *WHAT NATURAL LAWS GOVERN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF HUMANS 3 BASIC GOV. TYPES – 1. REPUBLICS 2. DESPOTISM 3. MONARCHIES HE BELIEVED THAT THE GOV. FUNCTIONED THROUGH 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL, EXECUTIVE A SEPARATION OF POWERS – ALL HAD DIFFERENT JOBS AND COULD BE CONTROLLED THROUGH CHECKS AND BALANCES HIS PRINCIPLES WERE WORKED INTO OUR CONSTITUTION

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT VOLTAIRE FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET PARISIAN WRITER
UPPER CLASS FAMILY REGARDED AS THE GREATEST FIGURE OF THE ENGLIGHTENMENT WROTE PAMPHLETS, NOVELS, PLAYS, LETTERS, ESSAYS, HISTORIES *CRITICIZED CHRISTIANITY AND EMPHASIZED RELIGIOUS TOLERATION TREATISE ON TOLERATION – ALL MEN ARE BROTHERS UNDER GOD

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT SUPPORTED DEISM – RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY BASED ON REASON AND NATURAL LAW DEISM WAS BASED ON THE IDEA OF THE NEWTONIAN WORLD-MACHINE DEISTS VIEW – MECHANIC WAS GOD TO VOLTAIRE – THE UNIVERSE WAS LIKE A CLOCK AND GOD WAS THE CLOCKMAKER HE CREATED IT, SET IT IN MOTION, AND ALLOWED IT TO RUN ACCORDING TO NATURAL LAWS

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT WENT TO THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS
DIDEROT WENT TO THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS FATHER WANTED HIM TO BE A LAWYER OR WORK IN THE CHURCH DIDEROT BECAME A FREELANCE WRITER CONTRIBUTION – ENCYCLOPEDIA OR CLASSIFIED DICTIONARY OF THE SCIENCES, ARTS, AND TRADES 28 VOLUME COLLECTION THAT HE EDITED PUBLISHED PURPOSE – CHANGE THE GENERAL WAY OF THINKING ARTICLES SUPPORTED RELIGIOUS TOLERATION CALLED FOR LEGAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPROVEMENTS – MORE TOLERANT SOCIETY SOLD TO DOCTORS, CLERGY, TEACHERS – SPREAD THE WORD WHY THESE PEOPLE??

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT ECONOMICS
PHILOSOPHES BELIEVED THAT NEWTON’S LAWS COULD BE USED TO DISOVER NATURAL LAWS THIS CREATED AN AREA OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHYSIOCRATS AND ADAM SMITH – FOUNDERS OF ECONOMICS PHYSIOCRATS – FRENCH – IF INDIVIDUALS WERE FREE TO PURSUE THEIR OWN ECONOMIC SELF-INTEREST, ALL SOCIETY WOULD BENEFIT LAISSEZ-FAIRE – LET THE PEOPLE DO WHAT THEY WANT – THERE SHOULD BE NO GOV. REGULATIONS ON THE ECONOMY THE WEALTH OF NATIONS – ADAM SMITH – NO GOV INTERFERENCE GOV. HAD 3 BASIC JOBS – 1. PROTECT SOCIETY 2. DEFEND INJUSTICE 3. MAINTAIN PUBLIC WORKS

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT BECARRIA AND JUSTICE
18TH CENT. MOST EUROPEAN STATES HAD A COURT SYSTEM MANY OF THE PUNISHMENTS HANDED OUT WERE CRUEL WHY? DETER CRIME THE POLICE FORCE WAS WEAK ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS PUNISHMENTS SHOULD NOT BE BRUTAL THIS CREATED AN EXAMPLE OF BARBARISM HE DID NOT BELIEVE THAT IT DETERRED CRIME

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
DISCOURSE O THE ORIGINS OF THE INEQUALITY OF MANKIND – PEOPLE ADOPTED GOV. AND LAWS TO PROTECT THEIR PRIVATE PROPERTY THUS BECOMING ENSLAVED TO THE GOV. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT – AN ENTIRE SOCIETY AGREES TO BE GOVERNED BY ITS GENERAL WILL THOSE WHO REJECT WILL BE FORCED TO ABIDE BY IT LIBERTY IS ACHIEVED BY BEING FORCED TO FOLLOW THE GENERAL WILL – WHAT IS BEST FOR THE COMMUNITY EMILE – EDUCATION – SHOULD FOSTER AND NOT RESTRICT CHILDREN’S INSTINCTS EMOTIONS AND REASON ARE IMPORTANT TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BUT DID HE PRACTICE WHAT HE PREACHED? EXPLAIN

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT RIGHTS OF WOMEN
MALES ARGUED THAT WOMEN WERE INFERIOR WOMEN THINKERS BEGAN TO EXPRESS THEIR IDEAS ON HOW TO IMPROVE THE CONDITION OF WOMEN MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT – ENGLISH – *FOUNDER OF THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN MOVEMENT FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN 1. GOV. BASED ON THE ARBITRARY POWER OF MONARCHS OVER THEIR SUBJECTS ARE WRONG 2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT WAS BASED ON THE IDEAL OF REASON IN ALL HUMAN BEINGS THUS WOMEN SHOULD HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AS MEN

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE GROWTH OF READING
*THE ENLIGHTENMENT HAD ITS GREATEST APPEAL WITH THE ARISTOCRATS AND UPPER CLASS THE SPREAD OF IDEAS TO THE LITERATE ELITE WAS VERY IMPORTANT PUBLISHING AND READING GREW DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT MIDDLE CLASS, WOMEN, URBAN ARTISANS BEGAN READING MORE & BOOKS WERE DIRECTED TOWARDS THEM MAGAZINES AND DAILY NEWSPAPERS WERE DEVELOPED – 1ST NEWSPAPER WAS PRINTED IN LONDON IN 1702 – INEXPENSIVE THE FIRST MAGAZINE WAS PUBLISHED IN GERMANY 1633

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE SALON
SALONS – WERE ELEGANT DRAWING ROOMS OF THE WEALTHY UPPER CLASS ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS WERE SPREAD HERE THROUGH CONVERSATIONS WRITERS, ARTISTS, GOV. OFFICIALS, ETC. INFLUENCED POLITICS, LITERATURE, ART MARIE-THERESE DE GEOFFRIN – FROM FRANCE IS AN EX. KINGS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES COMPETED TO COME THERE

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
MOST EUROPEANS WERE CHRISTIANS SOUGHT A DEEPER DEVOTION TO GOD A LOT OF THE RELIGIOUS FERVOR FROM THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION HAD FALLEN OFF THE DESIRE OF PROTESTANTS FOR A GREATER RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE LED TO NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS ENGLAND – METHODISM – JOHN WESLEY – ANGLICAN MINISTER HE PREACHED IN OPEN FIELDS APPEALED TO THE LOWER CLASSES STRESSED HARD WORK AND SPIRITUAL CONTENTMENT GAVE LOWER & MIDDLECLASS SOCIETY A SENSE OF PURPOSE AND COMMUNITY METHODISM BECAME A SEPARATE PROTESTANT GROUP

10-2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT REVIEW QUESTIONS
IDENTIFY CESARE BECCARIA AND HIS BELIEFS. IDENTIFY MONTESQUIEU AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR SOCIETY. EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLE OF LAISSEZ-FAIRE. IDENTIFY DENIS DIDEROT AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT. HOW WERE SALONS BENEFICIAL DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD?

10-3 IMPACT OF THE ENGLIGHTENMENT
ARCHITECTURE AND ART 18TH CENT BALTHASAR NEUMANN – ONE OF THE GREATEST ARCHITECTS IN THIS CENTURY 1. THE CHURCH OF THE FOURTEEN SAINTS AND 2. THE RESIDENCE A COMBINATION OF SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL BAROQUE AND NEOCLASSICAL STYLES DOMINATED UNTIL 1730S – ROCOCO – STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE EMPHASIZED GRACE, CHARM, AND GENTLE ACTION HIGHLY SECULAR PLEASURE, HAPPINESS, LOVE ANTOINE WATTEAU – ROCOCO ARTIST UPPER CLASS PLEASURE AND JOY – UNDERLYING SADNESS GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO – ROCOCO ARTIST EMPHASIZED ENCHANTMENT AND ENTHUSIASM CEILING OF THE BISHOP’S PALACE IN WURZBURG

THE CHURCH OF THE FOURTEEN SAINTS AND THE RESIDENCE

ANTOINE WATTEAU GIOVANNI TIEPOLO

MUSIC 18TH CENT – ONE OF THE GREATEST PERIODS IN EUROPEAN MUSIC JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH – RENOWN ORGANIST & COMPOSER LIVED IN GERMANY HIS ENTIRE LIFE MUSIC DIRECTOR MASS IN B MINOR GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL – GERMAN SPENT MOST OF HIS CAREER IN ENGLAND BEST KNOWN FOR HIS RELIGIOUS MUSIC MESSIAH BACH AND HANDEL PERFECTED THE BAROQUE MUSIC STYLE *MUSIC GENIUSES IN THE 1ST HALF OF THE CENTURY

*FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN AND WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART WERE THE INNOVATORS OF THE 2ND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY CLASSICAL HAYDN – MUSICAL DIRECTOR FOR WEALTHY HUNGARIAN PRINCES IN ENGLAND, HE WAS INTRODUCED TO PUBLIC CONCERTS THE CREATION AND THE SEASONS MOZART – CHILD PRODIGY COULD NOT GET REGULAR FINANCIAL SUPPORT THE MARRIAGE OF FIGARO, THE MAGIC FLUTE, DON GIOVANNI – OPERAS LITERATURE – THE NUMBER OF MIDDLE-CLASS READERS GREW HENRY FIELDING – THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDLING REFLECTED LIFE IN ENGLAND

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM THE ENLIGHTENMENT HAD AN EFFECT ON EUROPEAN POLITICS IN THE 18TH CENT. PHILOSOPHES – BELIEVED IN 1. EQUALITY 2. FREEDOM OF RELIGION 3. FREEDOM OF SPEECH 4. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 5. FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY 6. RIGHT TO PROPERTY 7. RIGHT TO PURSUE HAPPINESS ENLIGHTENED RULERS – WOULD BE THE ONLY ONES TO UPHOLD THIS BY OBEYING THE LAWS AND ENFORCING THEM FAIRLY FOR ALL PEOPLE ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM – RULERS TRIED TO RULE WITH ENLIGHTENMENT PRINCIPLES WHILE MAINTAINING ROYAL POWERS LET'S SEE HOW EUROPE'S RULERS FELT ABOUT THIS!

PRUSSIA: ARMY AND BUREAUCRACY PRUSSIA BECAME A MAJOR EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 18TH CENT. HOW? – UNDER THE COMMAND OF FREDERICK WILLIAM I AND FREDERICK II FREDERICK WILLIAM I – MAINTAINED A HIGHLY EFFICIENT BUREAUCRACY OF CIVIL SERVICE WORKERS – OBEDIENCE, HONOR, SERVICE TO THE KING ARMY – BY THE END OF HIS REIGN, THE ARMY HAD DOUBLED IN SIZE 4TH LARGEST ARMY IN EUROPE – REPUTATION AS ONE OF THE BEST *MOST IMPORTANT INSTITUTION IN THE STATE MEMBERS OF THE NOBILITY WERE OFFICERS IN THE ARMY

FREDERICK II OR FREDERICK THE GREAT – REPLACED HIS FATHER ENLARGED PRUSSIA’S ARMY AND RAN A STRICT BUREAUCRACY *ONE OF THE BEST EDUCATED AND CULTURED MONARCHS OF THE 18TH CENT WELL VERSED IN ENLIGHTENMENT PRINCIPLES ENGLIGHTENED REFORMS – 1. ABOLISHED TORTURE EXCEPT IN TREASON & MURDER CASES 2. GRANTED LIMITED FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND PRESS BUT KEPT SERFDOM AND THE STRICT SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN PLACE

THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE GREAT EUROPEAN STATE – 18TH CENT EMPRESS MARIA THERESA *HARD TO RULE BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES, LANGUAGES, RELIGIONS, AND CULTURES *NOT OPEN TO ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS BUT TRIED TO HELP THE SERFS JOSEPH II – HER SON – BELIEVED IN ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT -- HE 1. ABOLISHED SERFDOM 2. STOPPED THE DEATH PENALTY 3. ESTABLISHED EQUALITY FOR ALL 4. RELIGIOUS TOLERATION JOSEPH II IMPLEMENTED THOUSANDS OF LAWS AND REFORMS BUT THEY FAILED WHY? – ALIENATED THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE NOBLES, SERFS DID NOT KNOW HOW TO ADAPT JUST ABOUT ALL OF HIS REFORMS WERE UNDONE BY HIS SUCCESSORS

RUSSIA UNDER CATHERINE THE GREAT CATHERINE II OR CATHERINE THE GREAT TOOK THE THRONE AFTER HER HUSBAND WAS MURDERED HE CAME TO THE THRONE AFTER A LONG LINE OF A LONG LINE OF WEAK RULERS HAD PLAGUED RUSSIA FOLLOWING PETER THE GREAT SHE RULED FROM 1762 TO 1796 INTELLIGENT AND FAVORED ENLIGHTENMENT REFORMS INVITED DENIS DIDEROT TO RUSSIA TO TALK ABOUT IDEAS *IN THE END SHE DID NOTHING SHE CONTINUED TO FAVOR THE NOBILITY INSTEAD OF HELPING THE SERFS EMELYAN PUGACHEV – COSSACK – STARTED A PEASANT REBELLION IT WAS SHORT LIVED CATHERINE THE GREAT ALSO EXPANDED THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA

ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM? ONLY JOSEPH II TRULY TRIED TO EMBRACE ENLIGHTENMENT PRINCIPLES CATHERINE II AND FREDERICK II TALKED ABOUT IT THEY WERE MAINLY GUIDED BY POWER AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE STATE BALANCE OF POWER – IDEA THAT STATES SHOULD HAVE EQUAL POWER IN ORDER TO PREVENT ANY ONE FROM DOMINATING THIS DID NOT MEAN PEACE FREDERICK THE GREAT – “THE FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF GOVERNMENTS IS THE PRINCIPLE OF EXTENDING THEIR TERRITORIES.”

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION FREDERICK II TRIED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF MARIA THERESA SHE HAD JUST COME TO THE THRONE AFTER HER FATHER DIED FREDERICK II SENT THE PRUSSIAN ARMY TO INVADE SILESIA FRANCE ENTERED THE WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA AUSTRIA MADE AN ALLIANCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN THUS, AUSTRIA, BRITAIN VERSUS PRUSSIA, FRANCE FOUGHT 1740 – 1748 FOUGHT IN 3 DIFFERENT AREAS 1. EUROPE 2. FAR EAST 3. NORTH AMERICA AFTER 7 YEARS – ALL PARTIES IN THE WAR WERE EXHAUSTED TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE 1748 ALL TERRITORIES EXCEPT SILESIA WENT BACK TO THEIR ORGINAL OWNERS

THE SEVEN YEAR’S WAR MARIA THERESA REFUSED TO ACCEPT THIS SHE REBUILT HER ARMY DIPLOMATICALLY TRIED TO SEPARATE PRUSSIA AND FRANCE SO THEY WENT TO WAR FRANCE, AUSTRIA, AND RUSSIA BRITAIN, PRUSSIA WAR WAS FOUGHT IN 3 MAJOR AREAS – EUROPE, INDIA, NORTH AMERICA EUROPE PRUSSIA WAS ABLE TO WITHSTAND THE ATTACK FROM THREE DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS THOUGH THE ARMY WAS STARTING TO GET WORN DOWN PETER III – WITHDREW HIS TROOPS – STALEMATE – DESIRE FOR PEACE WAR ENDED IN 1763 – TERRITORIES WERE RETURNED EXCEPT SILESIA

THE WAR IN INDIA BRITISH VS. FRENCH THE GREAT WAR FOR EMPIRE FRANCE RETURNED MADRAS TO BRITAIN AFTER THE WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION BUT FIGHTING CONTINUED IN INDIA THE BRITISH ULTIMATELY WON TREATY OF PARIS 1763 – THE FRENCH WITHDREW AND LEFT INDIA TO BRITAIN THE WAR IN NORTH AMERICA THIS IS WHERE THE GREATEST CONFLICTS TOOK PLACE BRITISH AND FRENCH FOUGHT OVER TWO AREAS – WATERWAYS OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE AND THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY THE FRENCH STARTED TO ESTABLISH FORTS IN THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY THEY GAINED THE SUPPORT OF THE INDIANS AFTER A NUMBER OF BATTLES – THE BRITISH BECAME THE WORLD’S GREATEST COLONIAL POWER

REVIEW QUESTIONS DESCRIBE ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM. HOW WAS IT EMBRACED IN EUROPE? WHO WROTE THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDLING AND WHAT DID THE BOOK DISCUSS? HOW DID EMPRESS MARIA THERESA FEEL ABOUT ENLIGHTENMENT PRINCIPLES? EXPLAIN HOW JOSEPH II RESPONDED TO ENLIGHTENMENT PRINCIPLES. WHAT TERRITORY DID EMPRESS MARIA THERESA WAGE WAR OVER?

10-4 COLONIAL EMPIRES & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
COLONIAL EMPIRES IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE 16th CENTURY PORTUGAL HAD CONTROL OF BRAZIL SPAIN SET UP AN EMPIRE IN THE WEST WHICH INCLUDED NORTH AM., CENTRAL AM., AND MOST OF SOUTH AM. WITHIN THESE LANDS LATIN AMERICA AROSE LATIN AMERICA WAS A MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY HOW SO? 1501 INTERMARRIAGE WAS ALLOWED BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND NATIVES MESTIZOS – OFFSPRING OF EUROPEANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS WHEN AFRICAN SLAVES WERE BROUGHT ON THE PLANTATIONS, THE OFF SPRING BETWEEN THE AFRICANS AND THE EUROPEANS WERE CALLED MULATTOES ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE BOTH WANTED TO MAKE MONEY FROM THEIR COLONIES SOURCES OF WEALTH – 1. ABUNDANT SUPPLIES OF GOLD AND SILVER

10-4 COLONIAL EMPIRES AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
2. FARMING – LONG LASTING AND PROSPEROUS - LARGE ESATES 3. TRADE – NATURAL ITEMS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS PORTUGAL AND SPAIN REGULATED THE TRADE - WHY??? STATE AND CHURCH BECAUSE OF THE DISTANCE FROM THE MOTHER COUNTRY, MANY OF THE COLONIAL RULERS COULD CARRY OUT IMPERIAL POLICIES ON THEIR OWN SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE RULERS WERE DETERMINED TO CHRISTIANIZE THE NATIVES *THIS GAVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOCIETY AND INCREASED ITS POWER DIFFERENT GROUPS – 1. FRANCISCANS 2. DOMINICANS 3. JESUITS

THE MISSIONARIES BROUGHT NATIVES TOGETHER IN VILLAGES OR MISSIONS, *WHERE THEY COULD BE CONVERTED, TAUGHT TRADES, & GROW CROPS *MISSIONS ALLOWED MISSIONARIES TO CONTROL THE NATIVES HOW? THEY WOULD ALSO BECOME DOCILE BECAUSE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 1. BUILT MISSIONS, CATHEDRALS, HOSPITALS, ORPHANAGES, AND SCHOOLS 2. PROVIDED AN OUTLET OTHER THAN MARRIAGE FOR WOMEN WOMEN WHO DID NOT MARRY COULD BECOME NUNS SOR JUANA INES DE LA CRUZ – NUN WHO WANTED TO BECOME EDUCATED – AFTER BEING DENIED ADMISSION INTO THE UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO, SHE JOINED A CONVENT AND BEGAN WRITING POETRY – SHE BECAME KNOWN AS A FAMOUS POET

BRITAIN AND BRITISH NORTH AMERICA 18TH CENTURY BRITISH GOVERNMENT MONARCH AND PARLIAMENT SHARE POWER PARLIAMENT WAS GRADUALLY GAINING MORE POWER THUS, MONARCHS ARE LOOKING FOR MINISTERS THAT WILL BE RESPONSIBLE TO THE CROWN 1714 – HANOVER DYNASTY CAME TO POWER WHEN THE LAST STUART RULER DIED WITHOUT AN HEIR – QUEEN ANNE THE HEIRS DID NOT SPEAK ENGLISH WELL AND OTHERS DID NOT KNOW THE BRITISH SYSTEM WELL THEREFORE THE MINISTERS OVERSAW PARLIAMENT ROBERT WALPOLE – HEAD OF CABINET (PM) 1721 – 1742 – SOUGHT PEACEFUL FOREIGN POLICY THE GROWING MIDDLE CLASS WANTED INCREASED TRADE WILLIAM PITT THE ELDER – BECAME HEAD OF THE CABINET IN 1757 – HE EXPANDED THE BRITISH EMPIRE BY ACQUIRING CANADA & INDIA IN THE SEVEN YEAR’S WAR

THE BRITISH LEADERS WANTED TO GET MONEY FROM THE COLONIES TO HELP PAY FOR THE SEVEN YEARS WAR & THE COST OF MAINTAINING TROOPS IN THE COLONIES STAMP ACT – REQUIRED CERTAIN PRINTED MATERIALS TO HAVE A STAMP REPEALED IN 1766 – WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION AND VIOLENCE *BUT THE UNDERLYING ISSUES WERE NOT RESOLVED FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS – MET IN PHILADELPHIA FIGHTING – LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, MASS. – LOCAL MILITIAS SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS – FORMED THE CONTINENTAL ARMY *GEORGE WASHINGTON DECIDED TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE – JULY 4, 1776 – THOMAS JEFFERSON THE WAR HAD BEGUN

BRITAIN HAD A STRONG ARMY & THE CONTINENTAL ARMY WAS UNDISCIPLINED THE CONTINENTAL ARMY HAD THE HELP OF FOREIGN AID – FRANCE & SPAIN FRANCE – SUPPLIED ARMS AND MONEY FRENCH OFFICERS SERVED IN WASHINGTON’S ARMY NOW FIGHTING THE AMERICANS & EUROPEANS *FRENCH RECOGNIZED THE AMERICANS STATES AS INDEPENDENT GEN. CORNWALLIS WAS FORCED TO SURRENDER AT YORKTOWN BRITAIN ENDED THE WAR TREATY OF PARIS 1783 RECOGNIZED THE U.S. INDEPENDENCE

THE BIRTH OF A NEW NATION THE COLONIES ARE NOW STATES PRIMARILY CONCERNED FOR THEMSELVES WHY? – CONCENTRATED POWER ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION – 1ST CONSTITUTION – PROVIDED FOR A WEAK CENTRAL GOV. GOV. UNDER THE ARTICLES COULD NOT HANDLE THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW NATION 1787 – DELEGATES MET IN PHILADELPHIA – CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION – WRITE A PLAN FOR A NEW NATIONAL GOV.

THE CONSTITUTION THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTION CREATED A FEDERAL SYSTEM – POWER SHARED BETWEEN A NATIONAL AND STATE GOV. 3 BRANCHES OF GOV. WITH A SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES EXECUTTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL THE CONSTITUTION WOULD HAVE TO BE RATIFIED BY 9 STATES BEFORE IF COULD TAKE EFFECT

THE BILL OF RIGHTS MANY OF THE STATES THAT RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION DID SO ON THE PROMISE THAT A BILL OF RIGHTS WOULD BE ADDED 1789 – 12 AMENDMENTS WERE PROPOSED, BUT ONLY 10 WERE APPROVED *MANY EUROPEAN INTELLECTUALS SAW THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AS THE EMBODIEMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT’S POLITICAL DREAMS.

REVIEW QUESTIONS IDENTIFY MULATTOES. WHAT THREE WAYS DID PORTUGAL AND SPAIN PROFIT FROM THEIR COLONIES? IDENTIFY SOR JUANA INES DE LA CRUZ. HOW DID THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT ATTEMPT TO JUSTIFY TAXING THE BRITISH COLONISTS? WHAT WAS THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION? WHAT WAS WRONG WITH IT? WHAT WAS THEN IN TURN DONE ABOUT IT?

REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

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