1. Chapter 10 Revolution and Enlightenment

2. Section 1 Scientific Revolution
Main Idea
Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankinds place in the universe.

3. I. Background to Revolution
During the 1500 & 1600’s new inventions such as the telescope, microscope helped scientist make new discoveries. The most important technology was the printing press.
Why??

4. II. Revolution in Astronomy
Ptolemy had constructed a model of the universe call the Ptolemaic system (also called geocentric. This system placed the Earth at the center of the universe.

5. Copernicus published a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
He felt that the geocentric system was too complicated.
He believed in the heliocentric model of the universe (Sun-Centered)
Johannes Kepler supported the idea of the geocentric model, but also added that the orbits of the planets were elliptical (egg- shaped) This is called Kepler’s First Law.

7. What are the planets made of?
How does one explain motion of the planets?
Galileo answered the first question. He used the telescope to make his observations. He saw mountains on the moon.
His discoveries were published in The Starry Messenger
His discoveries came under suspicion of the Catholic Church
Why??

8. Isaac Newton wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia)
Universal law of gravitation was a law that explained why planets did not go off in straight lines.
This law stated, every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

9. Medicine and Chemistry
In the Middle Ages, medicine was dominated by Galen. His views were wrong because he used animals for dissection.
1500’s Andreas Vesalius presented an accurate view of the individuals organs (dissected humans). He believed the body had two kinds of blood. (On the Fabric of the Human Body)

10. William Harvey corrected Vesalius
William Harvey corrected Vesalius. He showed that the body only has one kind of blood and it started with the heart. (On the Motion of the Heart and Blood)
Robert Boyle was the first scientist to conduct controlled experiments. He formulated Boyle’s Law which stated that the volume of gas varies the pressure exerted on it.

11. Women of Modern Science
Margaret Cavendish criticized the belief that humans, though science, were the masters of nature.
In Germany, many women scientist were astronomers. Maria Winkelmann was the most famous. She helped discover a comet.

12. Descartes and Reason
Rene Descartes asserted that he can be sure of only one thing-his own existence. He said that he would accept only those things his reason said were true.
Most famous quote was “I think, therefore I am”.
He also believed in mind over matter.
Was known as the father of modern rationalism (reason is the chief source of knowledge)

13. Scientific Method
Francis Bacon was most responsible for the scientific method. This method was a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.
He believed that scientist should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature (experiments)

14. Ch.10 Sec.2 The Enlightenment

15. Path to the Enlightenment
The enlightenment was built off the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. Enlightenment philosophers hoped to make a better society by applying the scientific method and reason.
Enlightenment used words such as reason, natural law, hope and progress.
The enlightenment was influenced most by John Locke, and Isaac Newton.

16. John Locke argued that people are born with a mind that is blank and that knowledge comes through the five senses (molded by experiences)
He hoped to discover natural laws that would produce the ideal society.

17. Philosophers and Their Ideas
Enlightenment thinkers (philosophers) were writers, professors, economists, journalists, and social reformers.
Most philosophers were from France.
The three greatest philosophers were Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot.

18. Montesquieu Studied governments He defined three types of governments;
1. republics – small
2. monarchies – middle
3. despotism – large
He also argued that the best form of gov’t functioned through a separation of powers
controlled by checks and balances.
He influenced the American framers of the Constitution.

19. Voltaire Greatest figure of the Enlightenment.
He criticized Christianity, and believed in religious toleration.
He championed deism (religion based on reason and law)
He believed the world is like a clock that God created, and that God let it run without his intervention.

20. Diderot
Most important contribution to Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia. It help spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

21. Social Science
Adam Smith founded modern economics. He believed that if people were free to pursue their economic self-interest, all society would benefit.
He developed the doctrine of laissez-faire (gov’t should not interfere with natural economic processes)

22. Adam Smith Wrote the Wealth of Nations
Said that gov’t had three functions
1. protecting society (army)
2. defending citizens from injustice (police)
3. maintaining public works (roads & bridges)

23. Beccaria Wrote On Crimes and Punishments
He believed that punishments should not be excesses. DO NOT LIKE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

24. In the 1700’s, a new generation of philosophers emerged
In the 1700’s, a new generation of philosophers emerged. The most famous of these were Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Rousseau said that people formed gov’ts and laws to protect their private property (gov’t was bad though)
Social contract-society agree to be governed by the general will (majority)

25. Women
Mary Wollstonecraft is considered the founder of European and American women’s rights.
She saw two problems with the Enlightenment
1. power of men over women was equally wrong
2. women should have same rights as men

26. How did the Enlightenment spread?
Books
Magazines
Newspapers (London in 1702)
Ideas were also spread at the salon

27. Religion One new religions was Methodism (John Wesley)
1. stressed the importance of hard work
2. worked to abolish the slave trade

28. Chapter 10 Sec.3 Impact of the Enlightenment
Main Idea Enlightenment beliefs were reflected in art, music, and literature. It also impacted politics in Europe

29. Arts The Enlightenment had a large impact on culture (music)
1. Bach-great organist and composer of music (Mass in B minor)
2. Handel- greatest works was Messiah
3. Haydn- greatest works was The Creation
4. Mozart-known for symphonies, concerts, and operas

30. Enlightenment philosophers believed in natural rights for all people
1. religious worship
2. freedom of speech
3. freedom of press
4. free to assembly
5. ability to own property
6. pursuit of happiness

31. Frederick II (Frederick the Great) was one Europe’s most cultured kings
1. abolished torture except murder cases
2. granted limited freedom of speech
3. limited freedom of press
4. tolerated other religions

32. Catherine the Great ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796
Seven Years War
Results were the Treaty of Paris of This treaty transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain. Spain transferred Florida to British control
By 1763 Britain was the worlds greatest colonial power.