1. Scaffold User Training
Supported Scaffolds
Scaffold User Training

2. Scaffold Hazards The danger of falling is most common.
Ladders and Scaffolds
Scaffold Hazards
The danger of falling is most common.
9% of construction deaths are
scaffold-related
Scaffold falls injure 29,000
workers every year.
47% of all scaffold catastrophes
and deaths are caused by
defective scaffolds.
Any missing or defective part makes a scaffold less safe.

3. Ladders and Scaffolds 15
X & L
Subpart L - Scaffolds
: Scope, application and definitions
: General requirements
Covers the basic variables
: Specific requirements
For each type of scaffold
: Aerial lifts
: Training
Anyone who works from a scaffold or who erects scaffolds must have training. 7

4. How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe?
Supported scaffolds must have these
features:

5. .451 General Requirements For All Scaffolds
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.451 General Requirements For All Scaffolds
(a) Capacity
Support its own weight and 4 X the Maximum Intended Load (MIL). .
Designed by a Qualified Person and built and loaded to design.
Some Criteria listed in Appendix 'A' 8

6. (b) Platform Construction
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(b) Platform Construction
Platforms fully planked or decked
Maximum 1” gaps
Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary
Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide
Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide
Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) for < 18” wide 9

7. What Makes a Safe Platform?
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What Makes a Safe Platform?
Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.

8. (b) Platform Construction4
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(b) Platform Construction4
Don’t paint wood, except ID on edges
Fully planked between front upright & guardrails
Don’t mix scaffold components used unless compatible & strength is maintained [Competent Person decision]
Don’t modify mixed scaffold components
to make them fit [C.P. decision]
No components of dissimilar metals without Competent Person approval 12

9. Tie-Ins to the Building
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Tie-Ins to the Building
This 6-tier scaffold is
is anchored to the building
with rope through windows.
A solid strut anchor is better, especially if not dependent upon friction attachments at both ends.

10. Plumb, Level, Square You can visually check scaffold alignment.
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Plumb, Level, Square
You can visually check scaffold alignment.
Plumb:
Vertical members stand perpendicular to horizon.
Square:
Horizontal and vertical members form right angles where they connect.
Level:
Horizontal members are parallel to horizon.

11. Foundation and Load Distribution?
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Foundation and Load Distribution?

12. What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
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What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?
Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights.
Point Loading -
When necessary, it should be done over uprights.
Evenly distributed –
A good practice!
An unsafe practice!

13. .451(e) Access Must have safe access
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.451(e) Access
Must have safe access
No access by cross braces
Bottom rung not more than 24” high
From other surface if within 14" H, 24" V
Rest platforms at 35’ intervals
Safe access for erectors/dismantlers
Competent Person Decision
22" Horizontals OK for Builders
Some end frames can be used for access. 16

14. (f) USE3 No makeshift devices to increase height
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(f) USE3
No makeshift devices to increase height
The 'Drywall Bucket Rule'
No ladder to increase height except on 'large area' and:
Side thrust countered, platform secured
Ladder legs on same platform & secured
Platforms not to deflect > 1/60 of span

15. .454 Training Requirements
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.454 Training Requirements
Your employer must train you.

16. .451(g) Fall Protection Required at 10 foot height
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.451(g) Fall Protection
Required at 10 foot height
PFAS instead of guardrails on some
Fall protection required when scaffold is greater than 14” away from work surface
PFAS for erectors/dismantlers where feasible
Toprails height = 38” to 45”
Crossbracing ‘X’ as top or midrail depending on height 19

17. Guardrails Guardrails prevent work falls.
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Guardrails
Guardrails prevent work falls.
Only 33% of the scaffolds involved in accidents had guardrails.
Ideal height is 38 inches above work platform.
OSHA requires fall protection on platforms 10 feet or higher.
Top rail must withstand a force of 200 pounds (or 100 pounds on suspension scaffolds).

18. (h) Falling Object Protection
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(h) Falling Object Protection
Hardhats required
Protect employees below
Barricades to exclude working below
Toe boards at edges of platforms
Allows panels and screens
Canopies allowed 20

19. Toeboard Options Using extra planks on edge: Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber:
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Ladders and Scaffolds 54
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Toeboard Options
Using extra planks on edge:
Wire in place
Maintain max. gap of ¼"
Wire or nail ends in place
Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber:
Wire/nail/cleat in place
Lighter, easier to handle

20. Electrical Hazards Ladders and Scaffolds
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Electrical Hazards
Scaffolds shall remain a minimum of 10 feet away from energized power lines.
All power tools and equipment shall be plugged into a GFCI
Temporary lighting shall not be connected to the scaffold system by metal components

21. Mobile Scaffolds3 Plumb; Level square; Braces secured
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Mobile Scaffolds3
Plumb; Level square; Braces secured
Cross, horizontal & diagonal braces to prevent racking or collapse
Mobile scaffolds must comply with other frame requirements
Castors - positive lock on wheel and/or swivel
Force to move no more than 5 feet above base

22. SUBPARTS
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.452(w) Mobile Scaffolds2
Horizontal and diagonal bracing required to prevent “racking”.
Most manufacturers provide with fixed length.

23. SUBPARTS
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Mobile Scaffolds4
No platforms beyond base unless outriggers or equivalent for stability
Screwjacks or equivalent to level
Castor stems pinned or bolted
Make workers aware before moving

24. Mobile Scaffolds4 Stabilize to prevent tipping when moving
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Mobile Scaffolds4
Stabilize to prevent tipping when moving
No riding unless:
Surface within 30 of level; no obstructions
Height: base width ratio = 2:1 or designed
Outriggers, if used, on both sides
No extensions beyond supports
Power used < 1 foot/second

25. Protect Yourself With Good Practice
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Protect Yourself With Good Practice
Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on scaffold.
Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or equipment.
Make sure connections are in place and completely tight.
Do not stand on ties.
Do not stand on guardrails or plank extensions.
Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.