1. Intro
For a gentleman should know something of invertebrate zoology, call it culture or what you will, just as he ought to know something about painting and music and the weeds in his garden.
Martin Wells, Lower Animals, 1968

2. Kingdoms of life Eubacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Plantae Protista
~ 18 Phyla
Animalia
~ 34 Phyla

3. Diversity of known groups
Kingdom Animalia
1,000, described species
Vert’s (~50,000)
Invert’s and other Chordates (~ 1 million)
Total species?
10-30 million
Or million

4. Phyla with most spp. Arthropoda ~ 1.1 million Mollusca ~ 100,000
Protista ~ 80,000

5. Invert origins Life on earth: after cooling ~ 4.6 billion YA
Eukaryotic cells: ~ 2.7 billion YA
Shared ancestors of plants + animals:
~ 1.6 billion YA
Metazoans: ~ 600 million YA
Evidence?

6. Geological strata Learn major eras, periods, epochs
(of Phanerozoic eon)

7. Cambrian Explosion? Major phyla first appear and diversify Precambrian
Cnidaria and Porifera

8. Cambrian explosion Paleozoic
Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Ctenophora, Priapulida, Onychophora, Arthropoda, Phoronida, Annelida, Echinodermata, Chordata, Hemichordata, Tardigrada, Nematoda, Nemertina

9. Phyla Brachiopoda, Ctenophora, Priapulida

10. Phyla Onychophora, Phoronida, Arthropoda

11. Phyla Annelida, Echinodermata, Hemichordates

12. Phyla Tardigrada, Nemertina, Nematoda
Hookworm

13. Cambrian explosion Mesozoic
Entoprocta, Rotifera, Nematomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Acanthocephala

14. Biomes and ecosystems

15. Marine ecosystems Most of planet is marine Available habitats:
Littoral, pelagic, benthic (epifauna, infauna), interstitial

16. Estuaries, coastal marshlands
Salt marsh
Estuary

17. Freshwater Less stable than marine
Requires diapause, hibernation, aestivation

18. Terrestrial
Temperature extremes
Lower diversity (except arthropods)

19. Evolution Anagenesis = microevolution causes changes w/in species
Macroevolution:
Speciation = birth of a species
Extinction = death of a species

20. Microevolution Changes caused by:
Random genetic drift, Natural selection, etc.
Changes occur that result in organisms that “fit” their environment

21. Macroevolution Cladogenesis = origins + radiations of species lineages
Mass extinctions
Rapid speciation and radiation

22. What causes major species radiations?
Flexible architecture of genetic regulation
Developmental pathways undergo major changes with few genetic differences
Results in changes in body plan
Requires flexible architecture of genetic regulation

23. Classification, systematics, phylogeny
Review basic philosophy of systematics

24. Classification Ordering organisms into groups
By taxa: species, genera, families, etc.
How are they grouped?

25. Nomenclature Rules for naming
1. Each kind of organism has only one correct name
2. No 2 kinds of organism have the same name.

26. Binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus’ system
Binomial = Genus + species

27. ICZN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: 1758 Principles:
Scientific names are Latin, valid name based on first usage, names must be based on type specimens

28. ICZN in practice
Author who first describes species has name following species name
Wheel bug, Arilus cristatus (Linnaeus)
In parentheses = in different genus than originally placed

29. Systematics = taxonomy + phylogenetics
Study of kinds and diversity of life on Earth, and of relationships between them

30. Alpha taxonomy Naming species: Describing undescribed organisms
Uniting multiple descriptions of same organism

31. Science of systematics
Classical science based on morphology
Currently use embryology, physiology, immunology, behavior, biochemistry, molecular genetics, morphology
Growing science

32. Basic terms Monophyletic group = includes all descendants
Paraphyletic group = does not include all descendants
Polyphyletic group = some arose from different ancestors

33. Characters Attributes of organisms used in comparisons
Homology = shared common ancestor has this character