1. The link between invertebrates and vertebrates
What is a Chordate?
The link between
invertebrates and vertebrates

2. Objectives Describe characteristics common to animals
Describe the characteristics of major animal phyla
Identify on sight members of major animal phyla
Define animal, chordate, vertebrate, invertebrate

3. Characteristics of animals
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Sexual reproduction
No cell wall
Motile at some stage
Rapid response to environment
Nerve cells
Muscle cells
Both

4. Taxonomy Domains: Kingdoms: Sub-groups: Viruses Bacteria X Archaea X
Eukarya Protists
Fungi
Plants Non-vascular
Vascular Seedless
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Animals Invertebrates
Vertebrates

5. Classification 27 Phyla – discuss major ones Grouped as:
Invertebrates: NO backbone/vertebral column
Vertebrates: backbone/vertebral column
What is a backbone and what is a chordate?
Backbone: supportative bone structure
Chordate: has nerve chord
We will cover here:
1 last phylum
Includes invertebrates and vertebrates
classes within the chordate phyla

6. Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Eukarya Animalia Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Roundworms
Segmented worms
Molluscs
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates

7. Classification: Invertebrate (no backbone)
Domain Kingdom Phylum
Eukarya Animalia Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Roundworms
Segmented worms
Molluscs
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates

8. Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Eukarya Animalia Sponges
Segmented worms
Molluscs
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates

9. Phylum Chordata

10. Chordates have during some time in their development:
1- notochord
2- hollow nerve cord in the back
3- pharyngeal pouches (embryonic structures)
4- tail

11. Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Eukarya Animalia Sponges
Segmented worms
Molluscs
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates Lancets
Tunicates
Jawless Fish
Cartilaginous Fish
Bony Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

12. Lancets (invertebrate)

13. Tunicates (invertebrate)

14. Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Eukarya Animalia Sponges
Segmented worms
Molluscs
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates Lancets
Tunicates
Jawless Fish
Cartilaginous Fish
Vertebrates Bony Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

15. Vertebrates 1- living internal skeleton 2- closed circulation
3- paired appendages
4- efficient breathing and excretion
5- highly developed brains

16. Jawless Fishes-Agnatha (lampreys)

17. Cartilaginous Fishes-Chondrichthyes
3 Types
Sharks
Rays
Skates
3 Well developed senses
electrical
pressure
smell

18. Bony Fishes-Osteichthyes
Claim to fame:
(most numerous vertebrate)
3 Types
Perch
Trout
Salmon
3 Traits
Bony skeleton
Scales
Jaws

19. Amphibia 4 types 3 traits Frogs Toads Newts Salamanders Usually 4 legs
Usually metamorphose
Smooth, moist skin

20. Amphibian Metamorphosis

21. Reptilia 4 types: 3 traits Turtles Alligators Snakes Lizards
Usually 4 legs
Egg with a shell
Dry, scaly skin

22. Aves Traits: Classification Feathers Hard-shelled egg
Usually wings for flying
Classification
Beak type
Foot type

23. Birds Adaptations for flying Wings Hollow, light bones Feathers
Sternum
Well-developed heart
Well-developed lungs

24. Mammalia 4 traits 3 types: Mammary glands Body hair Warm-blooded
Infant dependency
3 types:
1 Monotremes
2 Marsupials
3 Placental

25. Mammals: Monotremes 2 types Reproduction: 1 spiny anteater
2 duckbilled platypus
Reproduction:
Eggs

26. Mammals: Marsupials Location: Australia, 4 types: Reproduction:
1 opossum (here)
2 koala
3 kangaroo
4 Tasmanian wolf
Reproduction:
Born very early
Crawl into a pouch
Attach to a mammary gland

27. Mammals: Placental Mammals

28. Order: Primates Traits: Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo
1 opposable thumb
2 learned behavior
3 big brain
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

29. Hominids H.habilis H.sapiens Homo ergaster H. heidel- bergensis
Australopithecus
afarensis
H. neanderthalensis
H. erectus
A. robustus
Ardipithecus
ramidus
Figure: 15-13
Title:
A possible evolutionary tree for humans.
Caption:
This hypothetical family tree shows skulls and facial reconstructions of representative specimens. Although many paleontologists consider this to be the most likely human family tree, there are several alternative interpretations of the known hominid fossils.. Fossils of the earliest hominid, Ardipithecus ramidus, are too fragmentary to enable reconstruction of a skull; the photo inset is of teeth, which reveal much about the specimen’s relationship to other hominids.
A. africanus
A. boisei

30. Neanderthals vs. Cro-Magnons

31. New member of Homo genus
Homo florensiensis
Small island in Indonesia: Florens
Short stature
Grapefruit sized skull
Island evolution
Isolation
Inbreeding
Reduced resources
Limited competition
Get smaller
Co-existed with modern humans until 18,000 years ago.

32. Who are you? Domain: Eukarya Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia Animal
Phylum: Chordata Chordate
Class: Mammalia Mammal
Order: Primates Primate
Family: Hominidae Hominid
Genus: Homo Human
Species: sapiens modern