1. VERTEBRATES

2. YOU MUST KNOW… THE FOUR CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS
TRAITS WHICH DISTINGUISH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS: CHONDRICHTHYES, OSTEICHTHYES, AMPHIBIA, REPTILIA, BIRDS, AND MAMMALIA
ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOWED ANIMALS TO MOVE ONTO LAND
HOW THE THREE CLASSES OF MAMMALS DIFFER IN THEIR REPRODUCTION

4. CONCEPT 34.1
CHORDATES HAVE A NOTOCHORD AND A DORSAL, HOLLOW NERVE CORD

5. VERTEBRATES ARE MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM CHORDATA
4 CHARACTERISTICS
NOTOCHORD – APPEARS DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE DIGESTIVE TUBE AND THE DORSAL NERVE CORD
DORSAL, HOLLOW NERVE CORD – FORMED FROM A PLATE OF ECTODERM THAT ROLLS INTO A HOLLOW TUBE
PHARYNGEAL CLEFTS – GROOVES THAT SEPARATE A SERIES OF POUCHES ALONG THE SIDES OF THE PHARYNX. THEY ALLOW WATER TO ENTER AND EXIT THE MOUTH WITHOUT GOING THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
A MUSCULAR TAIL POSTERIOR TO THE ANUS

6. CONCEPT 34.3
VERTEBRATES ARE CRANIATES THAT HAVE A BACKBONE

7. LAMPREYS
OLDEST LINEAGE OF VERTEBRATES, JAWLESS PARASITIC FISH WITH A SKELETON OF CARTILAGE

8. CONCEPT 34.4
GNATHOSTOMES ARE VERTEBRATES THAT HAVE JAWS

9. JAWS EVOLVED FROM MODIFICATION OF THE PHARYNGEAL (GILL) SLITS
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES – FLEXIBLE ENDOSKELETONS COMPOSED OF CARTILAGE, STREAMLINED BODIES, DENSER THAN WATER, WILL SINK IF THEY STOP SWIMMING – SHARKS AND RAYS
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES – BONY FISHES, COVERED WITH SCALES, POSSESS A SWIM BLADDER – TROUT AND SALMON

10. CONCEPT 34.5
TETRAPODS ARE GNATHOSTOMES THAT HAVE LIMBS AND FEET

11. CLASS AMPHIBIA – INCLUDE FROGS, TOADS, SALAMANDERS, AND NEWTS
GAS EXCHANGE CAN OCCUR ACROSS THEIR THIN, MOIST SKIN – MAY HAVE LUNGS
MAY HAVE AQUATIC LARVAL STAGE WITH GILLS AND METAMORPHOSIS TO AN ADULT (FROGS)
HAVE EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN AQUATIC ENVT (EGGS WITHOUT SHELL)
AS LARVAE, AMPHIBIANS HAVE A TWO-CHAMBERED HEART (1,1). AS ADULT, THREE-CHAMBERED HEART (2,1).

12. CONCEPT 34.6
AMNIOTES ARE TETRAPODS THAT HAVE A TERRESTRIALLY ADAPTED EGG

13. AMNIOTES CONSIST OF MAMMALS AND REPTILES (ALSO BIRDS)
AMNIOTIC EGG WAS IMPORTANT EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT FOR LIFE ON LAND
EGGS HAVE SHELL THAT RETAINS WATER SO IT CAN BE LAID IN DRY ENVT
EGG HAVE AMNION (FLUID), CHORION, ALLANTOIS, AND YOLK SAC (GAS EXCHANGE, WASTER STORAGE, AND TRANSFER OF STORED NUTRIENTS)

14. REPTILES – TURTLES, LIZARDS, SNAKES, ALLIGATORS, CROCODILES, EXTINCT DINOSAURS
MODERN REPTILES HAVE SCALES CONTAINING KERATIN (REDUCE WATER LOSS)
OBTAIN OXYGEN THROUGH LUNGS
ECTOTHERMIC (REGULATE TEMP THROUGH BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS RATHER THAN METABOLISM)
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND AMNIOTE SHELLED EGG
NITROGENOUS WASTE IS URIC ACID
HEART IS THREE-CHAMBERED (2,1)

15. BIRDS – WINGS, FEATHERS, ADAPTATIONS FOR FLIGHT
LAY AMNIOTIC EGGS
HAVE KERATIN-CONTAINING SCALES ON THEIR LEGS
LIGHT, HOLLOW BONES, FEWER ORGANS
FEATHERS AND A LAYER OF FAT INSULATES BIRDS
FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART, HIGH METABOLISM
ENDOTHERMS – MAINTAIN A WARM, CONSISTENT BODY TEMP

16. CONCEPT 34.7
MAMMALS ARE AMNIOTES THAT HAVE HAIR AND PRODUCE MILK

17. MAMMALS POSSESS MAMMARY GLANDS
HAVE A BODY COVERING OF HAIR
HAVE A FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART
ARE ENDOTHERMIC
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION, ARE BORN
PROPORTIONALLY LARGER BRAINS THAN OTHER VERTEBRATES
ALL HAVE TEETH OF DIFFERING SIZE AND SHAPE

18. MONOTREMES – EGG LAYING MAMMALS THAT HAVE HAIR AND PRODUCE MILK – PLATYPUSES, ANTEATERS
MARSUPIALS – BORN EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND COMPLETE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN A POUCH WHILE NURSING – KARGAROO, OPOSSUM
PLACENTAL MAMMALS (EUTHERIANS) – LONGER PREGNANCY, COMPLETE THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UTERUS – DOGS, HUMANS

20. HUMANS BELONG TO THE ORDER PRIMATES ALONG WITH MONKEYS AND GORILLAS
OPPOSABLE THUMBS, LARGE BRAINS AND SHORT JAWS, FORWARD-LOOKNG EYES, FLAT NAILS, WELL-DEVELOPED PARENTAL CARE, COMPLEX SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
HUMANS – INCREASED BRAIN VOLUME, SHORTENING OF JAW, BIPEDAL POSTURE, REDUCED SIZE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEXES