1. Evolution in the Animal Kingdom Review
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There will be questions similar to these

2. 1. What’s the difference between a chordate and an invertebrate?
Chordates exhibit 4 characteristics during at least one stage of life: Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, tail, and a pharyngeal pouch
Invertebrates = animals without backbones
Chordates can be in 2 groups: vertebrates and invertebrate chordates
So the difference is that chordates can have a backbone, but invertebrates NEVER have a backbone

3. 2. What type of body cavity do most groups have?
True coelom – a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm (middle germ tissue layer)

4. 3. Which invertebrate group has the closest evolutionary relationship to chordates?

5. 4. How is embryology of echinoderms similar to that of vertebrates
4. How is embryology of echinoderms similar to that of vertebrates? What might this similarity indicate about their evolutionary relationship?
Both deuterostomes
Indicates they are closely related, came from common ancestor

6. 5. Why would animals need to adapt their formation of limbs?
Each animal’s forelimbs is adapted to survival in their particular environment
Ex: ability to find and capture food, evade predators, move through various types of terrain (land, water, climbing, hopping, running, swimming, flying, etc)

7. 6. How is an animal’s body plan like an “evolutionary experiment”?
An animal starts the ‘evolutionary experiment’ with one type of body plan
Over time, in order to survive and reproduce, their body plan adapts
Body plans that aren’t successful go extinct

8. 6. Name 6 nonchordate invertebrates
6. Name 6 nonchordate invertebrates. What were some of the 1st characteristics that evolved in invertebrates?
Sponges, cnidarians, arthropods, worms, mollusks, echinoderms
Multicellularity, tissues, radial symmetry, 3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, etc.

9. 7. List 3 traits that arthropods have that cnidarians do not:
Organs
Bilateral symmetry
3 germ layers
True coelom
Segmentation
Cephalization

10. 8. Why do you think we don’t have much fossil evidence of early invertebrates?
Early invertebrates were tiny and soft-bodied, making it nearly impossible to make a fossil

11. 9. What characteristics have evolved in fish?
Vertebrae
Jaws, paired appendages
True bone
Lungs!

12. 10. What characteristics have evolved in amphibians?
Four limbs

13. 11. What characteristics have evolved in reptiles?
Amniotic egg
Eggs don’t develop in water
Dry, scaly skin

14. 12. What characteristics have evolved in birds?
Endothermy
Feathers
Hollow bones

15. 13. What characteristics have evolved in mammals?
Endothermy
Hair/fur
Mammary glands

16. 14. Name the group of invertebrate animals whose ancestors were related to the earliest chordates.

17. 15. What characteristic do reptiles have that amphibians do not?
Reptiles have lungs, amniotic eggs, eggs don’t develop in water; dry, scaly skin
Amphibians 1st stage of life- no lungs, eggs in water; skin is moist (no scales); go through metamorphosis

18. 16. How have animals’ body plans evolved over time?
Over time, animals’ body plans have become more complex
*Be able to describe WHAT specifically has adapted and evolved
Ex: Animals have gained more specialized tissues, organs and organ systems as they become more advanced

19. 17. What pattern or relationship exists between type of body symmetry and the evolution of animals?
Sponges – asymmetrical (no symmetry)
Cnidarians – radial symmetry
More advanced – bilateral symmetry (*Exception – echinoderms)

20. 18. What is the single most important characteristic that separates birds from other living animals?
Although birds have defining characteristics such as wings, beaks, four limbs, or ability to fly, these characteristics are also found in other animals
The single characteristic separating birds from other animals is FEATHERS
This allows them to regulate their internal body temperature

21. 19. Which two major groups of fishes evolved from the early jawless fish and still survive today?
Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish - Sharks)
Osteichthyes (Bony fish)

22. 20. The evolution of jaws and paired fins was an important development in the rise of which group of animals?
Sharks
(Cartilaginous fish)
Class Chondrichthyes

23. 21. List 2 ways that bony fish differ from the other two fish groups:
1. Have bone
(Sharks don’t, jawless
fish don’t)
2. Have jaws
(Jawless fish don’t)
3. Have vertebrae
(Hagfish don’t)

24. 22. What adaptation enables birds to live in environments that are colder than those in which most reptiles live?
Endothermy
Feathers – can use to
regulate body temperature

25. 23. How do nonvertebrate chordates differ from other chordates?
Nonvertebrate = no backbone
Chordates includes vertebrates
and invertebrates
Therefore, not all chordates
have a backbone

26. 23. What evidence exists to indicate that annelids and mollusks are closely related?
Levels of organization, body
symmetry, 3 germ layers, true
coelom, protostomes, and
cephalization

27. 25. The only animal to have an asymmetrical body plan is:
Sponges

28. 26. Which of the worm groups has the characteristic of a segmented body?
Annelids

29. 27. List the 5 types of animals in Phylum Chordata
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

30. 28. What was the 1st group of animals to have cephalization?
Arthropods

31. 29. What are 3 general characteristics that ALL animals have?
To be included in the Animal Kingdom, an animal must:
Be multicellular
Be heterotrophic (need food from others)
Lack cell walls