0. Biomechanics of the Human Body -Skeleton
Paytra Klein, Ben Student, Jen Franklin

1. Skeletal structure Skeletal parts
skeleton is built from bones and cartilage
Skeleton can be divided into 2 main parts
Skeletal axis: spinal column, cranial bones, and rib cage
Skeletal branches: pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle,arm, hand, leg, and foot bones

2. Skeletal functions Its role is to support and move the body
Significantly protects the internal organs
ex: cranium protects brain, ribs and sternum protect lungs and heart
Skeleton forms shape of body and provides the muscles with connection points
Plays important role in respiratory process by ventilating lungs
Used to store mineral ions, such as calcium and phosphorus

3. Long bone
builds the limbs and have a cylindrical and elongated structure. Include arm, femur, and finger bone

4. Short bone
Structure is undefined but is generally cubic or rectangular. These bones can be found in the wrist and the ankle.

5. Flat bone
Also called membranous bones, they are in the shape of a curved board and they build cavity walls to protect the organs inside them. They are built of three layers - outer, inner and middle.

6. Irregular bones
Have a complex structure and lack uniform appearance. Examples include vertebrae and jaw bones.

7. BONE INJURY

8. Fractures
a lesion in the bone, caused by a strong force on the bone during a fall or accident.
usually not life threatening, just painful, unless you tear a blood vessel which can cause internal bleeding, or damages the nerves that control the vital organs such as the area of the spinal cord that controls respiration

9. Stress Fracture
injury caused by the erosion of the bone as a result of constant pressure when a person is in motion and when the body fails to restore the bone and supply it with calcium because of constant use
microscopic fractures form in the membrane that surronds the bone, which grow and become whole fractures if they are not treated

10. Osteoporosis a disease in which thins the bone tissue
bone density decreases due to a disorder of calcium metabolism in the body
results:
bone structure changes
bones are more easily fractured
affected by the female hormone estrogen and therefore postmenopausal women are more susceptible to the disease
Treatment
taking estrogen
also occurs in men

11. DAMAGE TO JOINTS

12. Sprain
caused by a sudden forceful wrench (twist) or stretch of the joint that results in a torn ligament or tendon

13. Dislocation occurs when a joint bone moves out of place.
following the dislocation, the joint loses its mobility, and any attempt to move the joint causes pain.

14. lower back pain many possible causes:
disc and joint degeneration b/w the vertebrate
injury to muscles due to overuse
“herniated disc”:a disc b/w the vertebrae that contains gel surrounded
by a ring; if the ring tears, the gel may erupt and press on nerves in the spinal cord (causing severe pain). some suffer from temporary pain and some have ongoing pain (a chronic condition)

15. Bone Tissue
Bone is made up of bone tissue and connective tissue
-the 2 types of bone tissue are…
- spongy bone tissue a sponge-like tissue, made from trabeculae, with large cavities. Bone marrow tissue is found in these cavities. has osteons
- compact bone tissue: hard bone tissue which gives the bone its strength. It is made up of osteons.

16. Bone building and resorption
- Bone tissue is made from bone cells called osteocytes
- osteocytes are bone forming cells that are in the bone matrix (the hard part of the bone) compact bone tissue. they are arranged in cylindrical rings
- osteoclasts are large cells that nibble at and break down bone and responsible for bone resorption
- osteoblasts are large cells that form a closely packed sheet on the surface of the bone during both initial bone formation and later during bone remodeling
- the bone constantly goes through processes of construction and destruction where the much of the tissue that builds the bone is replaced
***bones heels very slowly because the materials needed for the existence of bone cells are transferred through osteocyte extensions.

17. cycle

18. Cartilage - cartilage is a dense flexible connective tissue
- the structure is similar to bone tissue but it doesn’t contain the minerals, calcium, and phosphate. Therefore, it is softer than bone
- it is formed from collagen, cartilage cells, and intercellular substance

19. Cartilage function - completion of bone growth
- this is between the ages of (18-20)
- bones grow out of the cartilage, and in children it is found between the ends of long bones
- when done growing the cartilage between bones goes away but cartilage still remains in some organs such as the nose, ears, joints and more

20. Why do engineers care about this?
-Engineers need to know what each structure in the human body does and how it works in order to replicate or replace it if needed
-Must also know almost all the injuries that can occur to a body if he/she wants to construct Something that can fix the pain or damage.