1. The Great War:

2. 4 factors that lead to war!!
Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Entangling Alliances

3. Nationalism A deep devotion to one’s nation
Caused rivalry among nations
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France
Competition for materials and markets
Territorial disputes (Alsace Lorraine)
Balkans – Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and other ethnic groups

4. Imperialism
European countries were pushed to the brink of war over Africa and Asian areas
In 1905 and 1911, Germany and France ALMOST fought over Morocco

5. Militarism European arms race
By 1914, all great powers except GB had a standing army
Militarism – policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
Click for a video!

6. Tangled Alliances Germany’s enemy was France ALLIANCES
Russia and Serbia
Germany and Austria-Hungary
France and Russia
Britain and France and Belgium
Japan and Britain
1907 – Great Britain, France, Russia – Triple Entente (Germany started building up their navy)

8. Click for video! Triple Alliance Germany, AH, Italy
Triple Entente Great Britain, France, Russia

9. Balkan Peninsula Powder Keg of Europe”
“Ottoman Empire” was disintegrating
(Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia)
Serbia wanted Slavic nationalism and to unite all Slavs
Russia (with a large Slavic population) supported Serbia and Slavic Nationalism
Austria Hungary did not

10. In 1908 Austria Hungary annexed Bosnia Herzegovina
These two areas had large Slavic populations
Russia offered support to Serbia
Serbia had to back down because Austria Hungary and Germany were too strong

11. SPARK of WAR June 28, 1914 ASSASSINATED
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary (heir to the throne) and his wife Sofie touring Sarajevo, Bosnia
(looking at the army)
ASSASSINATED
- by Princip a member of the “Black Hand” Serbian nationalist group

12. Serbia was given an ultimatum by AH
End all anti-Austrian activity
AH into Serbia to conduct an investigation
Agreed to some of it, but not all
Click here for Horrible History!

13. IMPORTANT PEOPLE Woodrow Wilson – President of US
Kaiser Wilhelm –monarch of Germany
Woodrow Wilson – President of US

14. July 28, 1914 – AH rejected Serbia’s offer and declared war
Russia began mobilizing troops on Austria and Germany’s border

15. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia
August 3, 1914 – Germany declared war on France

16. Schlieffen Plan In the event of a two front war
Attack France, then Russia
Speed was vital!
Germany decided to go through Belgium to get to France
Belgium was neutral
August 4, 1914 – Great Britain declared war on Germany

17. Click for Hitler’s Reaction!

18. After the war began…
Central Powers – Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia joined by Japan and Italy (9 months later) World War I as a bar fight reading World War I as a bar fight acted out

19. Western Front Deadlocked region along northern France
Stretched 500 miles from North Sea to Switzerland

21. 1st Battle of the Marne September, 1914 – pushed Germans back
Proved that the Schlieffen Plan failed
By then, Russia had invaded on the East
TWO FRONT WAR

22. Trench Warfare By early 1915 – parallel trenches Small land gains
Stalemate
No Man’s Land – area between trenches
War Horse

24. Trench Warfare It was very effective in protection
Advantages
Disadvantages
It was very effective in protection
For days, months or even years
Effectively stopped enemy advances
Good communication lines, and ability to move from A to B
Too effective at protection
Any advancement leads to massive amount of death
Were the trenches too effective? Or was it human error?
Disease
Pest’s
Filthy living conditions
Shell shock

25. Huge numbers of troops would die as they tried to rush enemy trenches
Constant barrage of bullets
Bodies were left in trenches
With the dead bodies left to rot, pests began to move into the trenches
Rats
Often they were hunted down as a source of food
Used bodies as personal shields

26. Trench Foot Condition in which someone’s foot is wet for too long.
The skin begins to blister, rot and eventually falls off
Swelling also occurs
If left untreated for too long, have to amputate

27. How did trench warfare change the war?
1) Caused the war to last much longer than anticipated
2) Made the war more violent
3) Changed the landscape of Europe forever

28. New technology caused the stalemate
Machine guns
Poison Gas
Armored Tanks
Larger Artillery
February 1916 – Battle of Verdun – each side lost 300,000 men (Germans gained 4 miles)
July 1916 – Battle of Somme – each side suffered over half million casualties (British gained 5 miles)

29. World War I New Technologies
Read the primary source & discuss with your partner what you think the excerpt describes
Examine the diagram of that technology, discuss, & answer in left side of chart:
What adjectives would you use to describe this technology?
What must it have been like for combatants to experience this tech. in battle?
Do you think this technology affected the # of casualties?
Sketch the technology in the box
Read the caption in which you predicted how this technology might have changed the war. Revise your caption, add one or more facts about the technology to support your caption.

30. Machine Guns Machine Gun
Guns that could fire anywhere from 600 to 1,200 shells in a minute
20 shells a second!
Known to cut tree’s down

31. Tanks The First Tanks were introduced during WW1
Primitive, bulky, and mostly ineffective
Usually broke down before it had a chance to go anywhere

32. Planes Wooden Cloth vehicles
Mainly used to scout
Dogfights: Pilots sat in an open cockpit and fired at each other with pistols
Adapted machine guns
TRIED to drop bombs late in the war

33. Eastern Front Battlefield between Germany and Russia
By 1916 – Russia’s war effort was near collapse
Russia wasn’t industrialized

34. America Enters the War

35. United States
Germany attempted to inflict a naval blockade around Great Britain
The British had already put a blockade in place around Germany
Germans controlled the Atlantic and any trade with Great Britain
Unrestricted submarine warfare – January – Germany announced that any ship around Britain would be sunk without warning

36. The Lusitania The Germans had attempted this before
May 1915 – Lusitania (British passenger liner) sunk
1,198 people died (128 AMERICANS)
Claimed the ship was carrying munitions
Woodrow Wilson protested and Germany relented
1917 – three American ships were sunk

38. Zimmerman Telegram
February 1917 – telegram from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to the German ambassador in Mexico (intercepted by the British)
Asking Mexico to side with the Central Powers in exchange for helping Mexico get back lands it lost

39. April 2, 1917 Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war
By 1917 – Europe had lost more men than all the wars in the previous three centuries
Total war – all resources
Factories were told what to produce
Rationing – small amounts of certain goods could be purchased
Censored news
Propaganda – one sided info to keep morale up

40. Getting America Ready for War
Not all Americans were sold on the war
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Their goal was to sell the war to the American Public
Actors, Song writers, Authors and others with a voice were recruited to paint a positive image of war
Are the same practices used today?

41. US Propaganda

43. Espionage (Spying) was a major fear the USA
Espionage Act (1917) forbid interference with military operations and recruitment and aiding the enemy
Sedition Act (1918) made it illegal to speak out against the war or the government
1,000 convictions

44. Anti-Immigrant Hysteria
Immigrants from Germany or Austria-Hungary targeted out of fear they would remain loyal
2 million Americans born in Germany
Tried to rid America of any influence of German culture-music, language, literature, food
Hamburgers became “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich”
Many beaten because of their German blood, one was lynched for “seeming” disloyal

45. Women Women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
Were offered higher wages, but the price of food and living conditions also increased

46. Russia
March 1917 –
Civil unrest in Russia due to war shortages of food and fuel
Czar Nicholas II abdicated on March 15
Provisional Government established – pledged to keep fighting
By 1917 – 5.5 million soldiers wounded, killed, or prisoned

47. November 1917 – Vladimir Lenin – Bolshevik Revolution
Russia drops out as American troops deploying
March 1918 – Treaty of Brest Litovsk – ended the war with Germany gave Germany large portions of land

48. Second Battle of the Marne
July 1918
Allied forces began advancing steadily toward Germany
November 9 – Kaiser William II – forced to step down (Germany declared a republic)
November 11 – the war ended
Armistice – agreement to stop fighting

49. January 18, 1919
Paris Peace Conference – at the palace of Versailles
Big Four – England, France, US, Italy
England – David Lloyd George
France – Georges Clemenceau
US – Woodrow Wilson
Italy – Vittorio Orlando

50. Germany and Russia were not represented!!
Wilson’s plan for peace - FOURTEEN POINTS
Outlined a plan for achieving and keeping peace
1. end to secret treaties
2. freedom of the seas
3. free trade
4. reduced armies and navies
5. self determination
6. League of Nations

51. Self determination – allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wish to live
League of Nations – peace organization

52. Treaty of Versailles
France and England want to punish Germany, felt Wilson’s plan was too easy.
Treaty of Versailles – June 28, 1919
Between Germany and Allies
Dictat of Versailles – Dictated treaty

53. Germany punished
Lost land and was limited to a military of only 100,000 men for security purposes
Article 231 – War Guilt Clause
Germany had to pay a huge reparations bill to the Allies- $33 Billion
The League of Nations took over German colonies as mandates

54. New Countries Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
POLAND reappears on the map

56. US rejected the treaty… Never sign it
8.5 million soldiers died
21 million wounded
$338 billion cost

57. Effects at Home
After the war was over the government released control of the economy they had taken
Rationing ended
Capped prices ended
Companies began to raise prices and produce more goods
What would this cause?