CHAPTER 22 SHADOWS OVER THE PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE

CHAPTER 22 SHADOWS OVER THE PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE
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Focus Questions Why did the Qing dynasty decline and ultimately collapse, and what role did the Western powers play in this process? What political, economic, and social reforms were instituted by the Qing dynasty during its final decades, and why were they not more successful in reversing the decline of Manchu rule?

Identifications McCartney Mission Tao & Zhidong Lin Zexu Youwei
Chinese-Japanese war, 1894 Letter to Queen Victoria 100 days of reform Opium War Boxer Rebellion Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 Open Door Notes Taiping Rebellion Sun-Yat Sen Hong Ziuquan, 1853 Shikai & 1911 Revolution Treaty of Tianjin, Self Strengthening

The McCartney mission to China, 1793
In 1793 Politicians and businessmen from England began trying to negotiate increased trade with Britain. McCartney made the request while Qianlong reigned as emperor and when the Qing Dynasty was at its height of power and prosperity. Perceived as barbarians and without trade items of value, he was soundly rejected. Lord Amherst attempted unsuccessfully again in 1816 The McCartney mission to China, 1793 The Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy

The Qing Empire Shown here is the Qing Empire at the height of its power in the late eighteenth century, together with its shrunken boundaries at the moment of dissolution in 1911.

Decline of the Manchus Internal factors of decline after 1800
Official Corruption Peasant unrest Incompetence at court Rapid population growth – land pressures 6

Decline of the Manchu External Factors of Decline Western influence
Aggressive policies of trade expansion Trade limited to Canton Unfavorable balance of trade for Britain Tea exported to Britain Nothing imported

In this 1900 photograph, women pick tea leaves for shipment abroad on a plantation in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The British cut down vast stands of tropical forests in Ceylon and India to grow tea to satisfy demand back home. © Getty Images

Triumph of English Imperialism
Opium grown in NE India and shipped to China Traditionally grown in Southern China but prohibited for social or general use Indian Opium pushed on the Chinese population illegally by British Merchants When British diplomats could make no in roads to Chinese markets through diplomacy, they turned to Force in 1839.

Lin Zexu Appointed to court to curtail Opium trade, 1839
Letter to Queen Victoria (Moral & Practical appeal) Imposed penalties on smokers Arrested dealers Seized supplies from importers Blockade of British factory in Canton used to justify British Naval expedition against China

Queen Victoria longest reign in British history (1837–1901). During this time, the British Empire reached the height of its power, but by the turn of the twentieth century , the monarchy was increasingly less relevant in Britain’s liberal parliamentary system of government. Nevertheless, Victoria’s sense of duty and moral responsibility reflected the attitudes of her age, which has ever since been known as the Victorian Age. © The Art Archive

The Opium War, waged between China and Great Britain between 1839 and 1842, was China’s first conflict with a European power. Lacking modern military technology, the Chinese suffered a humiliating defeat. In this painting, heavily armed British steamships destroy unwieldy Chinese junks along the Chinese coast. China’s humiliation at sea was a legacy of its rulers’ lack of interest in maritime matters since the middle of the fifteenth century, when Chinese junks were among the most advanced sailing ships in the world. The Opium War The Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy

Opium War Demonstrated British military strength
Will of British East India Co. Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 Opened 5 coastal ports to British trade Limited tariffs on British imports Extraterritorial rights conferred on British Citizens Court paid indemnity to cover costs of war Ceded Hong Kong (“Barren Rock”) to Britain Opium trade continued unabated until early 20th Century

Opium trade remained unabated until the early 19th C

Efforts of Early Reform
Radicals argued China needed to learn about European Civilization Conservatives insisted they had nothing to learn from barbarians Concerned with maintaining purity of Confucianism Western threat dealt with traditionally Played foreigners off against each other Offered same concessions to other powers (US)

The Taiping Rebellion Hong Ziuquan Led rebellion, 1853 seized Nanjing
Repressed by 1864 25 million people killed over 11 years of rebellion

Taiping Rebellion Peasant revolt that was a consequence of courts neglect of internal pressures on the people Christian influences Peasants – sharecroppers and landless laborers as result of population pressure Corruption and incompetence of officials led to higher taxes and decline of government services Grand canal allowed to silt up and hindered grain shipments

Western Aggression, 1860 Britain & France took opportunity to expand trade and missionary activities Seized Beijing in 1860 Destroyed summer imperial palace Treaty of Tianjin Legalized opium trade Opened additional ports to foreign trade Ceded Peninsula of Kowloon to Britain

Self Strengthening Court attempt in the 1870s to establish reform
Adoption of western technology “East for Essence, West for Practical use” Maintained Confucian principles and institutions 19

Wang Tao & Zhang Zhidong
Tao, Journalist & Author Suggested educational and political reforms Democratization of Chinese government and society Zhidong, official Suggested modernizing the military Building up the industrial base

External factors of decline
Military and political takeover of western powers intensified s Gobi Desert, Central Asia, Tibet carved away from the Empire Chinese-Japanese war, 1894 Japan took Korea Germany demanded Shandong Peninsula Russia took Liadong Peninsula Great Britain established coaling stations in Northern China Japan attempted to take Korea Won against Chinese

Canton and Hong Kong This map shows the estuary of the Pearl River in southern China, an important area of early contact between China and Europe.

Kang Youwei, 1898 Confucian scholar suggested radical reforms
Emperor Guang Xu accepted edicts that called for educational, political and administrative reforms Influenced by Japanese reform efforts Conservatives at court & Cixi opposed changes

Empress Dowager Cixi of China
Ruled for 20 years before her nephew took power Maintained true authority Executed reformers and imprisoned the emperor Cixi, shown at the left, was the most powerful figure in late nineteenth- century China. Originally a concubine at the imperial court, she later placed her young nephew on the throne and dominated the political scene for a quarter of a century until her death in Conservative in her views, she staunchly resisted her advisers’ suggestions for changes to help China face the challenge posed by the West © The Art Archive

Open Door Notes Secretary of State, John Hay, 1899
Wrote imperial powers asking for equal economic access to Chinese market for all western powers Would take advantage of China’s weaknesses to dominate their Market

Boxer Rebellion, 1899 “Harmonious and Righteous Fists”
Popular culture/peasants Martial arts tradition of western Shandong Stressed military virtues Encouraged people to study swordsmanship & boxing Personal and local self-defense Spontaneous, peoples rebellion against foreign influence & response to declining standard of living Supported by Cixi As a result of the decline of the empire and western influences public order disintegrated and banditry spread, young men began studies martial arts to protect communities and families Poverty drove large numbers of people to petty theft of neighbors crops Collective crop watching by the entire village Boxers appeared as community defenders

Boxers: “Support the Qing, destroy the Foreign”
Pretext for uprising & contributing factors Natural disasters – Yellow river flooded followed by famine Foreign influence: Foreign religion – backed by foreign military Destroyed local economies Led to poverty and increased banditry Boxers targeted Targeted foreign goods Foreign religion Rail Roads, telegraphs, ships and weapons of Europeans First major impact of imperialism was felt at the Chinese ports as result of the opium trade, the import of cotton textiles impacted areas of Boxer activity because cotton growing areas were associated with handicraft industries, regions lost their external markets to British goods. Trade and Christianity marched together to advance the spread of western civilizations Missionaries supported the opium wars, convinced that if China was opened up to trade it would also be opened up to Christ. Conflict between Christian converts and non Christians escalated Water and land disputes, Christians would argue special privileges and control over scarce resources * taxes and fines – non Christians had a hard time collecting from converts Exacerbated local difficulties by foreign presence

Boxers entered Beijing
Multi national military coalition of 20,000 troops slaughtered the peasants 5,000 troops were American U.S. won spheres of influence as a result

Justice or Mercy? Uncle Sam Decides
In the summer of 1900, Chinese rebels known as Boxers besieged Western embassies in the imperial capital of Beijing. Western nations, including the United States, dispatched troops to North China to rescue their compatriots. In the cartoon, which appeared in a contemporary American newsmagazine, China figuratively seeks pardon from a stern Uncle Sam. Justice or Mercy? Uncle Sam Decides Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, October 14, 1900

100 days of Reform Cixi & the Conservative faction attempted to implement reform too late 1905 abolished the exam system Instituted modern educational system Allowed gentry at provincial level to form assemblies or advisory bodies to make recommendations to the central government

Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence About 1900
Youwei escaped executions and fled abroad At the end of the nineteenth century, China was being carved up like a melon by foreign imperialist powers

CHRONOLOGY China in the Era of Imperialism
Lord McCartney's mission to China 1793 Opium War 1839–1842 Taiping rebels seize Nanjing 1853 Taiping Rebellion suppressed 1864 Cixi becomes regent for nephew, Guang Xu 1878 Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895 One Hundred Days reform 1898 Open Door policy 1899 Boxer Rebellion 1900 Commission to study constitution formed 1905 Deaths of Cixi and Guang Xu 1908 Revolution in China 1911

The Last Emperor (1987) On November 14, 1908, the Chinese emperor Guangxu died in Beijing. One day later, Empress Dowager Cixi—the real power behind the throne—passed away as well. A three-year-old boy, to be known in history as Henry Puyi, ascended the throne. Four years later, the Qing dynasty collapsed, and the deposed monarch lived out the remainder of his life in a China lashed by political turmoil and violence. He finally died in 1967 at the height of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The Last Emperor (1987), directed by the Italian filmmaker Bernardo Bertolucci, is a brilliant portrayal of the experience of one hapless individual in a nation caught up in the throes of a seemingly endless revolution. The film evokes the fading majesty of the last days of imperial China but also the chaos of the warlord era and the terrors of the Maoist period, when the last shreds of the ex-emperor's personality were shattered under the pressure of Communist brainwashing techniques. Puyi (John Lone), who never appears to grasp what is happening to his country, lives and dies a nonentity. Three-year-old Puyi (Richard Vuu), the last emperor of China, watches an emissary approach at the Imperial Palace. Yanco/Tao/Recorded Picture Co/The Kobal Collection

Sun Yat-Sen, Intellectuals abroad began calling for political revolution, not reform Prominent leader, Sun formed the Revolutionary Alliance in 1905 to advocate a new political Vision Advocated Republican form of government based on western model He called for a Republican form of government Parliament or legislative body who proposed legislation United anti-Manchu groups into a revolutionary alliance that formed the core of the Kuomintang or nationalist party

Sun Yat-Sen, Father of Modern China
The son of a peasant in southern China, Sun Yat-Sen rose to become a prominent revolutionary and the founder of the first Chinese republic. This photograph shows Sun as he assumed office as provisional president in January Shortly thereafter, he was forced to resign in favor of General Yuan Shikai, who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. © Getty Images

“Three Peoples Principles”
1. Nationalism – elimination of Manchu Rule 2. Democracy 3. peoples standard of living

3 Stage process 1. Military take over 2. Provisional constitution
Military law is replaced by local government and law 3. Constitutional democracy

Yuan Shikai & 1911 Revolution
Military supported reforms Yuan Shikai, leader of the Imperial Army Becomes president in 1912 He favored national assemblies KMT or Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) founded Wanted to bring together radical intellectuals to develop plan for next political phase Collapse of old order in 1911

Republic of China, Yuan Shikai
KMT selects candidates for national assemblies Shikai assassinated the first head of the party National party declares new revolution against Shikai Period of War lordism until the 1920s

Japanese Imperialism Japan takes advantage of period of War lords
Issues 21 demands 1915) to Shikai Demands recognize that Japan had pre-dominance in Shandong and Manchuria Provision for Japanese advisors in all major posts in the government and state Sole right to supply China with armaments Humiliation and treaty increased radicalism in China

New intellectual trends
Intellectuals question China’s past, tradition and Confucianism Recognize fundamental inequality in the traditional system Debunks Confucianism Looked to the west for new models Liberalism, democracy and scientific inquiry Nationalism Pride & belief in own country Question of how to become major player in larger political arena

Focus Question To what degree was the Meiji Restoration a “Revolution” and to what extent did it transform Japan? Meiji Restoration Millard Fillmore and Matthew Perry The treaty of 1858 Sat-Cho Alliance Land Reform Program Constitution of 1890

Rise of Modern Japan Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate
Factionalism & Corruption of Central Bureaucracy Rural unrest Samurai protest Persecution of critics by Bakufu Capitalism blurred class divisions, eventually destroyed feudal system Adopted policy of Sakoku, closed country Ended foreign relations 43

American Imperialism in Japan
Strategic Imperialism American steamships crossing the northern Pacific needed a fueling station before going on to China and other ports The first to succeed was the United States. American steamships crossing the northern Pacific needed a fueling station before going on to China and other ports in the area. In the summer of 1853, an American fleet of four warships under Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Edo (now Tokyo) Bay with a letter from President Millard Fillmore asking for the opening of foreign relations between the two countries (see the box on p. 652). A few months later, Perry returned with a larger fleet for an answer. In his absence, Japanese officials had hotly debated the issue. Some argued that contacts with the West would be both politically and morally disadvantageous to Japan, while others pointed to U.S. military superiority and recommended concessions. For the shogunate in Edo (EH-doh), the black guns of Perry's ships proved decisive, and Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa (kah-nah-GAH-wah), which provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, the opening of two ports, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate on Japanese soil. In 1858, U.S. consul Townsend Harris negotiated a more elaborate commercial treaty calling for the opening of several ports to U.S. trade and residence, the exchange of ministers, and the granting of extraterritorial privileges for U.S. residents in Japan. Similar treaties were soon signed with several European nations.

Perry’s fleet in Tokyo Bay, 1853
When Commodore Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay with a small fleet of U.S. warships in July 1853, the size, speed, and armaments of the ‘‘black ships’’ frightened Japanese onlookers and undoubtedly contributed to the willingness of the Tokugawa shogunate to seek a compromise with the foreigners. One Japanese artist recorded his impression of the visitors, who offered their hosts the gift of a steam locomotive. Perry’s fleet in Tokyo Bay, 1853 © Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

Commodore Perry’s Fleet
1853, an American fleet of four warships under Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Edo (now Tokyo) Bay letter from President Millard Fillmore asking for the opening of foreign relations Treaty of Kanagawa provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, the opening of two ports, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate on Japanese soil. between the two countries (see the box on p. 652). A few months later, Perry returned with a larger fleet for an answer. In his absence, Japanese officials had hotly debated the issue. Some argued that contacts with the West would be both politically and morally disadvantageous to Japan, while others pointed to U.S. military superiority and recommended concessions. For the shogunate in Edo (EH-doh), the black guns of Perry's ships proved decisive, and Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa (kah-nah-GAH-wah), which provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, the opening of two ports, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate on Japanese soil. In 1858, U.S. consul Townsend Harris negotiated a more elaborate commercial treaty calling for the opening of several ports to U.S. trade and residence, the exchange of ministers, and the granting of extraterritorial privileges for U.S. residents in Japan. Similar treaties were soon signed with several European nations.

Triumph of Western Imperialism Treaty of 1858
In 1858, U.S. consul Townsend Harris negotiated a more elaborate commercial treaty opened of several ports to U.S. trade and residence, the exchange of ministers, and the granting of extraterritorial privileges for U.S. residents in Japan. Similar treaties were soon signed with several European nations.

Sat –Cho Alliance The Hans of Satsuma and Choshu resisted concessions that opened up Japan to western trade and influence 1863 display of Western military might against Choshu military Resolved to resist Western Influence and to modernize

Meiji Restoration 1868 rebel armies attacked the Shogunate in Kyoto
Restored emperors supreme authority Sat-Cho & Meiji “enlightened ruler” Policy of comprehensive reform to modernize Japan Social, cultural, political, economic reform Reform of institutions and values

Immediate Changes Old order of society abolished or re-organized
Hereditary privileges abolished formally 1871 Lords/Daimyo lost title to land Compensated with Government Bonds Named governor of former territories Samurai lost traditional title (8% pop) Lump sum payment replaced stipend Forbidden to carry the sword as symbol of hereditary status

Emperor Meiji and the Charter Oath, 1868
Outlined modern changes: New Assembly Senior positions given to Daimyo Key posts given to “Genro” Modernizing samurai of Sat-Cho In 1868, reformist elements overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate in an era of rapid modernization in Japanese society. Their intentions were announced in a charter oath of five articles promulgated in April In this contemporary print, the young Emperor Meiji listens to the reading of the Charter Oath in his palace in Kyoto Emperor Meiji and the Charter Oath, 1868 © Art Resource, NY

The Emperor Inspects His Domain
A crucial challenge for the Japanese government during the Meiji era was to find employment for the traditional warrior class in a time of peace and social transformation. One method was to assign a house and a plot of land to members of the samurai class to enable them to support themselves in the changing economy. In this painting from the 1880s, Emperor Meiji inspects a farm colony near Nagoya, in central Japan, in The practice of showing the imperial face in public was an innovation introduced by Emperor Meiji that earned him the affection of his subjects. The Emperor Inspects His Domain © Scala/Art Resource, NY

Political Reform Constitutional Commission Liberal Party
Ho Hirobumi Liberal Party Supreme authority is Parliament Progressive Party Distribution of Power with legislative and executive branch Imperial Party Exclusive power of the Emperor Following a 20 year study of western political systems several factions began to appear in Japanese politics, within t

Meiji Constitution, 1890 Progressive emerged Victorious
Authority rested in the Executive branch Members of the Cabinet –picked by oligarchs Upper house of Parliament to be appointed & have legislative powers with lower house (diet) Members of the diet would be elected Kokutai – national polity – the ideology of the state – embodied the concept of uniqueness of the Japanese system based on supreme authority of the emperor Ancient practice of Shinto transformed into a virtual state religion System democratic in form – practice in practice – traditional power remained in the hands of the ruling oligarchy * Retained influence and economic power acquiesced to new institutions and values

Meiji Economics Land Reform Program
Objective: create citizens of serfs Redefined domain lands as private property of the tillers New 3% agricultural tax generated government revenue Bad years peasants lost land & became tenants (40% tenancy by 1900) Compensated Daimyo with government bonds 3% estimated value of land * 40% farmers were tenants – wealthy neighbors bought up land

Meiji Industry Objective: to stand against western imperialism
Government Supplied stimulus to Japans Industrial Revolution Financial subsidies to industry, training, foreign advisors, improved transport and communication Universal educational system Dual role of business and political leaders Emphasized applied science Minimal reliance on foreign capital (revenue from tea and silk) Industrial sector: tea, silk, weaponry, ship building, sake Relationship between government and business. Business operated under tolerance and patronage of government. Political leaders –dual role of business and politics

Working class perspective
Further burdened by government taxes Fled to cities Created a cheap and exploitable labor supply Rigid hierarchy may have been officially abolished Maintained through social classes Traditional relationships & access to opportunity prevailed “3 obedience's of women” Continued subordination of women Early marriage No inheritance rights No divorce Little educational opportunities Hereditary rights abolished in 1871 Legal restrictions on Eta abolished (400,000 people of the slave class)

Meiji Military Imperial army based on conscription, 1871
For rural males - route to upward mobility

Meiji Education Imperial Rescript on Education, 1890
American model – 3 tiered system Sent students abroad Attracted foreign scholars to teach Women provided with new opportunities Strong emphasis placed on traditional Confucian virtues of Filial piety – loyalty to the state

Women’s Status 1872 educational edict expanding women’s education
conservative backlash 1890, Restricted franchise to males Restricted women to the family sphere 1900 New regulations prohibited women from joining political organizations or attending public meetings A conservative backlash to the 1872 educational order that increased women's access to education Rescript on Education 1890 restricted franchise to males and restricted women to the family sphere New Regulations prohibited women from joining political organizations or attending public meetings 1905 women petitioned Japanese parliament to rescind the regulations, not done until 1922

Women’s struggle for Rights
1905 women petitioned parliament to rescind the regulations restricting women Not done until 1922 Hiratsuka Raicho Founded the Journal SEITO or “Blue Stockings” Promote women’s liberation in Japan Proclamation at the founding of Seito Society

Meiji Foreign Policy Emulated western expansionist model
1874 claimed rights over Ryukyu Islands from Qing 1876 pressured Korea to open 3 ports to Japanese commerce in exchange for recognizing Korean Independence Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 ceded Taiwan, Liaodong & Port Arthur to Japan Russo-Japanese war, 1905 expanded into Russian Spheres of Influence in china 1908 annexed Korea The Yi Dynasty beat off western imperialism to be taken over by Japan Following the 1876 agreement, rivalry over Korea between China and Japan intensified Rural Rebellion in Korea erupted in Japan and China intervened on opposing sides, China the conservatives and Japan the Radical faction that sought to break away from China The Japanese Navy destroyed the Chinese fleet and seized the Manchurian city of Port Arthur The Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895, China recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur naval base to Japan The Russo-Japanese war, 1905, took Russian spheres of influence in China 1908 annexed Korea US recognized annexation in return for declaration of respect for US authority in the Philippines and acceptance of principles of open door notes

CHAPTER 22 SHADOWS OVER THE PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE

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