1. Chapter Introduction Section 1The Decline of the Qing Dynasty Section 2Revolution in China Section 3Rise of Modern Japan Chinese Emperors Chapter Assessment

2. Why does the Qing dynasty declined?  Main Ideas The Decline of the Qing Dynasty extraterritoriality  sphere of influence  indemnity self-strengthening  Why do Western nations increased their economic involvement with China? 

3. Causes of Decline In 1800 the Qing dynasty of the Manchus was at the height of its power.  After more than a century of Western humiliation and harassment, the Qing dynasty collapsed in the early 1900s.  Internal changes also played a role in the downfall of the Qing dynasty. (pages 465–466)

4. Causes of Decline (cont.) It began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence.  Rapid population growth– 400 million by 1900– The ships, guns, and ideas of foreigners probably hastened the end of the Qing Era. (pages 465–466)

5. The Opium War (pages 466–467) In 1800 European merchants in China were restricted to a trading outlet at Guangzhou, or Canton.  The British were not happy with the arrangement. 

6. The Opium War (cont.) Negotiations to address the trade imbalance failed, and Britain turned to trading opium to address their economic concerns.  Soon silver was flowing out of China to Britain. (pages 466–467)

7. The Opium War (cont.) The Chinese makes Opium illegal.  China appeals to Britain to stop. Britain refused to stop.  The Chinese government blockaded Guangzhou to force the traders to surrender their opium, and Britain responded by starting the Opium War (1839–1842).

8. The Opium War (cont.) The Treaty of Nanjing (1842) opened five coastal ports in China to British trade, limited taxes on imported British goods, and gave the British the island of Hong Kong.  The Chinese also agreed to pay for the war.  The treaty did not mention opium. (pages 466–467)

9. The Opium War (cont.) extraterritoriality  China now has an open door. (pages 466–467)

10. The Tai Ping Rebellion (pages 467–468) Chinese government failed to handle its economic problems, the Tai Ping Rebellion, a peasant revolt, occurred from 1850 to 1864.  Hong Xiuquan, who saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ.  He was convinced God had given him the mission of destroying the Qing dynasty.

11. The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.) The rebellion called for social reforms that included giving land to all peasants and treating women as the equals of men.

12. The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.) Hong’s rebellion called for people to give up private possessions.  Land was to be held in common, and food and money were to be shared equally.  Hong outlawed alcohol, tobacco, and foot binding. 

13. The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.) The Tai Ping Rebellion was one of history’s most devastating civil wars.  As many as twenty million people died in the 14-year struggle. Traditional Chinese Music Link

14. Efforts at Reform (cont.) Reformers called for a new policy of “self- strengthening” for the Qing dynasty.  This policy guided China for the next 25 years. (pages 468–469)

15. Efforts at Reform (cont.) Some reformers wanted to introduce democracy, but such an idea was too radical for most.  Rather, China tried to modernize its military and industrialize while retaining the basic elements of Chinese civilization and values. (pages 468–469)

16. The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) European states began to create spheres of influence inside China.  (pages 469–470) In 1894 another matter weakened the Qing.  China went to war with Japan over Japanese inroads into Korea, and Japan soundly defeated the Chinese.

17. Opening the Door to China (pages 470–471) Great Britain and the United States feared other nations would overrun China should its government collapse.  In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy.

18. The Boxer Rebellion (page 471) The Open Door policy did not stop the Boxer Rebellion, however.  Who are the Boxers? “destory the foreigners”

19. The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) The Empress Dowager Ci Xi She ruled China for almost 50 years. (pages 469–470)

20. The Fall of the Qing After the Boxer Rebellion, China desperately tried to reform.  Even the Empress Dowager now embraced educational, administrative, and legal reforms.

21. The Fall of the Qing After the Boxer Rebellion, China desperately tried to reform.  Even the Empress Dowager now embraced educational, administrative, and legal reforms.

22. The Fall of the Qing (cont.) Sun Yat-sen and his Revive China Society, founded in the 1890s.  Long term goal democracy (pages 473–475)

23. The Fall of the Qing (cont.) (pages 473–475)

24. The Fall of the Qing (cont.) The infant Henry Pu Yi now occupied the throne.  In 1911… major turning point 

25. The Fall of the Qing (cont.) The events of 1911 did not produce a new social and political order.  (pages 473–475)

26. Chinese Society in Transition (cont.) Chinese society was already changing in the mid-1800s.  commodities– Transportation was improving, and new crops from abroad increased food production. (pages 476–477)

27. An End to Isolation (pages 479–480) By 1800, the Tokugawa shogunate had ruled the Japanese islands for two hundred years.  The country was virtually isolated from foreigners.  Foreign ships were driven away, and the little foreign trading was done only through Nagasaki.

28. An End to Isolation (cont.) Western powers approached Japan in the hope of opening it up to their economic interests.  The United States was the first foreign country to succeed with Japan.  In 1853, four warships under Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay). (pages 479–480)

29. An End to Isolation (cont.) Perry carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore, asking to open relations between the two countries.  Some shogunate officials argued against contact and others recommended concessions, or political compromises.  The shogunate’s response was ultimately dictated by the guns of Perry’s ships when he returned for an answer with a larger fleet. (pages 479–480)

30. An End to Isolation (cont.) Under military pressure Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  It provided for the return of American shipwrecked sailors, who previously were treated as criminals, the opening of two ports to Western traders, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan. (pages 479–480)

31. Resistance to the New Order (page 480) Resistance to this change in relations with the West was especially strong among the samurai warriors in the territories of Satsuma and Choshu.  In 1863, the Sat-Cho alliance forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West.

32. Resistance to the New Order (cont.) The Sat-Cho rebels were convinced they needed to strengthen their military after losing an exchange with Western ships.  They also demanded that the shogun resign and restore the power of the emperor.  Sat-Cho armies attacked the shogun’s palace in Kyoto in 1868.  They declared the emperor restored.  The shogun’s forces and the shogunate soon collapsed. (page 480)

33. The Meiji Restoration (cont.) The young emperor Mutsuhito called his reign the Meiji, or “Enlightened Rule.”  This period is known as the Meiji Restoration.  Mutsuhito was controlled by the Sat-Cho leaders, and the capital was moved to their location, Edo (now Tokyo). (pages 480–484)

34. The Meiji Restoration (cont.) The Meiji reformers set out to create a Western- style political system.  A commission under Ito Hirobumi traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States to study their governments.  (pages 480–484)

35. The Meiji Restoration (cont.) Real executive authority lay not with the emperor but with the prime minister and his cabinet ministers, handpicked by the Meiji leaders.  Further, the upper house included royal appointments and elected nobles.  The government was democratic in form but authoritarian in practice.  The traditional ruling class kept its influence and economic power. (pages 480–484)

36. The Meiji Restoration (cont.) The Meiji reformers transformed other institutions, especially the military.  In 1871, a new army based on compulsory military service was formed.  All men served for three years. (pages 480–484)