1. Chapter 3 Structure and Function of Cells Metabolism Cell respiration
Anabolism
Catabolism
Cell respiration
Aerobic
Anaerobic

2. Cells Are Classified by Internal Organization
Eukaryotes have
Plasma membrane
Nucleus: information center
Cytoplasm: fluid within membrane
Organelles: structures with specialized functions
Prokaryotes have
No nucleus
No true organelles

3. Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function
Muscle cells
Contain numerous organelles providing energy needed for muscle contraction
Nerve cells
Long and thin to carry impulses over distance

4. The Plasma Membrane Extracellular environment Receptor protein
Channel protein
(always open)
Gated channel
protein (closed
position)
Carbohydrate
groups
Cytoskeleton
filaments
Phospholipid
Lipid
bilayer
Transport
protein
Glycoprotein
Cytoplasm
Cholesterol
Figure 3.5

5. Structural Features of the Plasma Membrane
Lipid bilayer
Phospholipids: polar head and nonpolar tail
Cholesterol: makes membrane a bit more rigid
Proteins: provide means of transportation through membrane
Carbohydrates: recognition patterns for cells and organisms

6. Diffusion: Passive Transport Through Membrane
No energy required
Diffusion
Movement from area of high concentration to low
Figure 3.6

7. Osmosis: Diffusion of Water
Osmosis: net diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Figure 3.7

8. Variations in Tonicity
Isotonic
Extracellular and intracellular ionic concentration equal
Hypotonic
Extracellular ionic concentration less than intracellular
Hypertonic
Extracellular ionic concentration more than intracellular

9. Tonicity
Figure 3.13a

10. Internal Structures of an Animal Cell
Cytosol
Semifluid gel material
inside the cell
Peroxisome
Destroys cellular toxic waste
Nucleus
Information
center for the
cell. Contains
DNA
Centrioles
Microtubular structures
involved in cell division
Cytoskeleton
Structural framework
of the cell
Smooth endoplas-
mic reticulum
Primary site of
macromolecule
synthesis other than
proteins
Rough endoplas-
mic reticulum
Primary site of protein
synthesis by ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Refines, packages, and
ships macromolecular products
Secretory vesicle
Membrane-bound
shipping container
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Plasma membrane
Controls movement of
materials into and out of cell
Mitochondrion
Produces energy
for the cell
Lysosome
Digests damaged organelles
and cellular debris
Figure 3.14

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
Figure 3.16

12. Golgi Apparatus Receives substances from ER, refines and packages them
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Lysosome
Secretory vesicle
Plasma
membrane
Figure 3.17 (1 of 2)

13. Vesicles Ship and Store Cellular Products
Harmless
waste
Vesicles
Ship and store cellular products
Secretory membrane-bound spheres
Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes, lysosomes
Alcohol
Peroxisome
Golgi
apparatus
Cell toxic
waste
Lysosome
Residual
body
Bacterium
Plasma membrane
Figure 3.18

14. Mitochondria: Provide Energy to the Cell
Double membrane
Inner membrane contains enzymes that break down foods
Liberated energy is used to create ATP
Figure 3.19a

15. Energy Storage Fat Glycogen Triglycerides
Long-term energy storage in animals
Glycogen
Carbohydrate storage
Short-term energy storage in animals

16. Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Figure 3.20

17. Cell Structures for Support and Movement: Cilia, Flagella, Centrioles
Cilia and flagella
Used in movement
9 + 2 microtubule arrangement
Centrioles
Used in cell division
Figure 3.20

18. Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways
Anabolism
Requires enzymes
Making/assembling large molecules
May require energy (ATP)

19. Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways
Catabolism
Requires enzymes
Breakdown of molecules
May release energy
Used in breaking down nutrients and recycling cell components

20. Cellular Respiration: Cells Use Glucose and Oxygen to Supply ATP
Glucose provides energy for the cell
Figure 3.23

21. Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis: in cytoplasm
Splits glucose
Produces two ATP and two pyruvate molecules
Citric acid cycle: in mitochondria
Also called the Krebs cycle
Extracts high-energy electrons
Produces two ATP and carbon dioxide
Electron transport system: in mitochondria
Energy from electrons is used to produce ATP
Produces water and carbon dioxide

22. Cellular Respiration: Overview
Figure 3.29a

23. The Preparatory Step
Figure 3.26

24. Fats and Proteins: Additional Energy Sources
Figure 3.30

25. Fats and Proteins: Additional Energy Sources
Triglycerides have twice the energy of carbohydrates
Proteins
Same energy as carbohydrates

26. Anaerobic Pathways: Energy Extraction Without Oxygen
Glucose
(Glycolysis)
(2)
ATP
Lactic acid
buildup
Pyruvate
Mitochondrial
metabolism
blocked without
oxygen
Mitochondrion
Figure 3.31