1. Linnean Systematics The use and construction of species names

2. Systematic Palaeontology

3. What is a species? A group of individuals that interbreed or have potential to interbreed and that do not interbreed with other interbreeding groups

4. First use of three kingdoms - animal, vegetable and mineral Linnaeus 1753, Systema Naturae

5. Taxonomic hierarchy Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies Variety Various other sub-groups

7. Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature 1. Governed by sets of rules: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature http://www.iczn.org International Code of Bacteriology 2. Names must be written in the same alphabet and the same language – Latin 3. Rules governing correct procedure for definition and description of taxa and priority, etc. types, diagnosis, description, type level and locality

8. Codes - Botanical or Zoological rules? Binomial nomenclature – proper use of genus & species names Criteria of publication What is a valid publication? Date of Publication – The oldest name is the valid one. Validity – How to select the valid name, in case of 2 or more Priority, Homonyms, synonyms Formation and treatment of names Gender, latinisation, spelling rules Family group taxa Noun in the plural based on a valid genus Genus group taxa Noun in the nominative plural Species Numerous forms, but must agree in gender with the genus Date (pre- or post 1930 must satisfy different articles ICZN) Authorship – the first person who described the genus Types E.g. type genus, type species, holotype, paratype, neotype, etc. Systematics

9. Typification Holotype: the reference specimen used by the describing author Paratype(s): Additional specimen(s) from the type locality designated by the describing author. Lectotype: a subsequently chosen type from the original material Neotype: a specimen chosen to replace a lost type. Legitimacy A name that is used in accordance with the appropriate code (a name that is valid under one code is also valid under the rules of another code). Priority When two or more names apply to the the same taxon, it is the oldest one that should be used - the correct or valid name (the are synonyms) Senior synonym - the older and therefore valid name Junior synonym - the younger and therefore invalid name Homonyms: the same name describing different types or species, and therefore illegitimate. Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature

10. Legitimacy  Are names Legitimate?  A name that is legitimate under rules of one code is also legitimate under rules of a different code  Therefore, Rules of Priority apply between codes Example: the case of Arthrodendron, a Foraminifer (animal) first described as a plant. The plant name is the oldest, and therefore is the valid name.  Are names Legitimate?  A name that is legitimate under rules of one code is also legitimate under rules of a different code  Therefore, Rules of Priority apply between codes Example: the case of Arthrodendron, a Foraminifer (animal) first described as a plant. The plant name is the oldest, and therefore is the valid name.

11. Citation of names Latin Grammar: Rule 1: Genus names behave like latin nouns, species names like adjectives; names are italicised Rule 2: Species and genus names must agree in gender. Nominative case -us (masc); -a (fem.) -um (neuter) Genitive case -i or -ii (masc, neuter); -ae (fem.) e.g., Globigerina rubra d’Orbigny, 1839 But: Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny, 1839). Other commonly used species endings include: -ensis; -opsis; -ella; -oides; -iformis Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature

12. Citation of species names - simple case Ammodiscus nagyi Genus species Name is written in italics with genus name capitalized. More formally, the authorship is added Ammodiscus nagyi Kaminski, 1989 date of publication Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature

13. Citation of names – the use of (): When names have been re-assigned to other genera: Crepidolithus crassus is formally cited Crepidolithus crassus (Deflandre in Deflandre & Fert, 1954) Noël, 1965 n.comb. (ICBN users cite the author that re-assigns the species to a different genus) ICZN users have no requirement to do so, e.g., Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny). Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature

14. Citation of names - some more complex rules Citation of a subgenus - Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi Citation of a subspecies - Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi robusta Citation of a species group Gaudryina ex gr. dividens Tentative identification of a species Gaudryina cf. dividens; Gaudryina aff. G. dividens An Unidentified Species - Gaudryina sp. More than one species, identified to the genus level only Gaudryina spp. Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature

15. Examples of types Alcide d’Orbigny, 1826 “Syntypes” - several specimens preserved in a glass vial - several vials in different museums.

16. Type specimens - definitions  Syntypes – several specimens chosen to represent a new species (old concept).  Holotype: the reference specimen used by the describing author  Paratype(s): Additional specimen(s) from the type locality designated by the describing author.  Lectotype, Paralectotype: subsequently chosen types from the original material.  Neotype: a specimen chosen to replace a lost type.  Syntypes – several specimens chosen to represent a new species (old concept).  Holotype: the reference specimen used by the describing author  Paratype(s): Additional specimen(s) from the type locality designated by the describing author.  Lectotype, Paralectotype: subsequently chosen types from the original material.  Neotype: a specimen chosen to replace a lost type.

17. Description of a new species  Name.  Synonyms (if any)  Derivation of name.  Diagnosis in Latin. (requirement for plants only)  Description.  Dimensions.  Holotype / Paratype(s): Give Location and registration numbers  Type locality.  Type level.  Occurrence. (Geographical and in geological time)  Name.  Synonyms (if any)  Derivation of name.  Diagnosis in Latin. (requirement for plants only)  Description.  Dimensions.  Holotype / Paratype(s): Give Location and registration numbers  Type locality.  Type level.  Occurrence. (Geographical and in geological time)

18. Publication New taxonomic names must be Published in a journal or other Scientific publication (Since 2000, may be on the internet).

19. Deposition of types in a museum

21. Catalogue entry – registration number

22. Top Zoology Museums  Smithsonian Institution  NHM London  NHM Paris  NHM Vienna  Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt  AMNH, New York  NHM Berlin, Brussels, Stockholm, Oslo, Bucharest, Budapest, etc.  Smithsonian Institution  NHM London  NHM Paris  NHM Vienna  Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt  AMNH, New York  NHM Berlin, Brussels, Stockholm, Oslo, Bucharest, Budapest, etc.

23. Original description

24. Lectotypification

26. Principle of Priority Two different species with the same name:  Trochammina elegans Egger, 1893  Trochammina elegans Grzybowski, 1898  Which name has priority?  What to do with the other species name?  Nomen novum – make a new name! Two different species with the same name:  Trochammina elegans Egger, 1893  Trochammina elegans Grzybowski, 1898  Which name has priority?  What to do with the other species name?  Nomen novum – make a new name!

27. Synonymy lists

28.  Listing a species’ original citation, and first revisor Or subsequent citation  Listing a species’ original citation, and first revisor Or subsequent citation

29. Synonymy lists  Listing a species formerly identified as a different species

30. Synonymy lists  Listing a species tentatively identified

31. What we expect you to understand: Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature the use of Linnean binomial nomenclature the “type concept” the constriction & citation of taxonomic names the concept of re-combination the identification of synonyms the use of a taxonomical catalogue (e.g., Foraminifera) You should be able to understand the nomenclatural history of a species from a list of synonyms published in a palaeontological journal. You should be able to describe existing and new taxa. You should demonstrate your ability to cite and describe taxa correctly in your reports.

32. The Zoological Code (IZBN) Endings Phylum: -mycota Class: -opsida Order: -ida Suborder -ina Family: -idae Subfamily -inae Species: various, but –i after male name, -ae after female name International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, at the NHM (London). Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature

33. The Botanical Code (ICBN) Endings Division (=Phylum): -phyta Class: -phyceae Order: -ales SuperFamily: -aceae Species: various, but –ii after male name Subgenera rarely employed Holotypes - drawing or photo, not specimen Living species - diagnosis in Latin Biological-Palaeontological Nomenclature