1. Cancer

2. What does the word cancer mean to you?

3. What is Cancer?
Cancer - disease where cells grow out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissue
Cancer cells lack differentiation (not specialized)
Normal cells enter the cell cycle only about 50 times; cancer cells can enter the cell cycle repeatedly.
Normal cells undergo Apoptosis which is a programmed cell death to prevent overgrowth of cells.

4. Cancer Development Abnormal cell growth called neoplasm
Abnormal growth results from the mutation of genes that regulate the cell cycle
Carcinogenesis, the development of cancer is gradual—it may take decades before a cell has the characteristics of a cancer cell.

5. Origin of Cancer
Mutations in genes for repair enzymes of DNA can cause cancer.
If proteins that start cell cycle or inhibit cell cycle are changed (mutated) it can cause cancer.
Normal DNA segments have ends that shorten with each replication, eventually signaling the cell to end division; cancer cells have enzymes that keep their DNA segments at a constant length and thus the cells to continue dividing.

7. Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Have abnormal nuclei
Lack differentiation
Chromosomes mutated; may be duplicated or deleted.
Gene amplification, extra copies of genes
Do not undergo apoptosis

8. Characteristics cont. Do not have contact inhibition
Normal cells are anchored and stop dividing when in contact with other cells;
Growth not inhibited and will invade and destroy normal tissue
Cancer cells pile on top of each other to form a tumor.
Cancer cells undergo metastasis and angiogenesis
Metastasis – cancer spreads throughout body; new tumors away from primary tumor.
Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels to bring nutrients and oxygen to tumor.

9. Types of Tumors
Benign: slow growth, non-invasive, no metastasis (not cancerous)
Malignant: rapid growth, invasive, potential for metastasis (cancerous)

10. Types of Cancers

11. Deadliest 10 Lung and bronchial – 792,495 Colon and rectal - 268,783
Breast Cancer - 206,983
Pancreatic Cancer – 162,878
Prostate Cancer – 144,926
Leukemia – 108,740
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – 104,407
Liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer – 79,773
Ovarian Cancer – 73,638
Esophageal Cancer – 66,659

14. Prognosis
Depends on whether the tumor has invaded surrounding tissue, whether there is lymph node involvement, and whether there are metastatic tumors elsewhere in the body.
Depends on what type of cancer and how early was detected.
For example some forms of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma rarely ever causes death, while 77% of skin cancer deaths are caused by melanoma.

15. Is cancer a heritable disease?
There are heritable cancer syndromes but a majority are not.
Cancer is a genetic disease, but the majority of mutations that lead to cancer are somatic (body cell)

16. What causes the mutations that lead to cancer?
Viruses: HPV --> cervical cancer
Bacteria: H. pylori --> gastric cancer
Chemicals --> B[a]P --> lung cancer
UV and ionizing radiation --> skin cancer
What do these agents have in common? They are all Mutagens

17. Treatments Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Targeted Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperhermia
Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant
Laser Therapy
Molecular Targeted Therapy

18. 7 ways to Reduce Risk Don’t use tobacoco
Eat healthy diet – fruits, veggies, limit alcohol
Maintain healthy weight; physical activity
Protect yourself from the sun
Get immunized – Hepatitis B and HPV
Avoid Risky behaviors – safe sex and no shared needles
Take early detection seriously
Self exams
Regular doctor visits