1. The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths12
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

2. Eukaryotes Over ½ world’s population infected w/eukaryotic pathogens.
Malaria, schistomosomiasis, amoebiasis, hookworm, African trypanosomiasis, intestinal parasites
Emerging: Pneumocystis- leading cause of death in AIDS patients, Cryptosporidium- 400,000 people in Milwaukee 1993, Cyclospora (new protozoan parasite)

3. The Fungi Chemoheterotrophic
Most are decomposers, important plant decomposer
Mycology is the study of fungi
Last 10 years fungal infections have increased, nosocomial

4. Mycology: The Study of Fungi
Table 12.2

5. Fungi
Table 12.1

6. Molds
The fungal thallus (body) consists of hyphae (long filaments of cells joined together); a mass of hyphae is a mycelium (visible to unaided eye)
Figure 12.2

7. Yeasts Nonfilamentous, Unicellular fungi Spherical or oval
Identified by chemical tests
Figure 12.3

8. Dimorphism
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike (reproductive, budding) at 37°C and moldlike (vegetative) at 25°C
Figure 12.4

9. Life Cycle Filamentous can fragment (asexually) Form spores
Asexually= formed by hyphae of one individual, germinate into genetically identical organism
Conidiospore, sporangiospore
Sexually= from the fusion of nuclei from 2 fungi, genetic recombination
Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, zygospores
Fungi are identified by their spores.

10. Nutritional Adaptations
Generally adapted to environments hostile to bacteria
pH 5
Almost all molds aerobic, yeasts facultative anaerobes
Resistant to osmotic pressure, can grow in high sugar/salt
Low moisture
Less nitrogen
Metabolize complex carbohydrates: lignin

11. Mycosis Fungal infection
Chronic or long lasting because fungal grow slowly
Drugs that affect fungal may also affect animal cells, often difficult to treat
Divided into 5 groups depending on the tissue involvement

12. Mycosis
Systemic- deep within body, usually caused by fungi that live in the soil, inhalation of spores
Subcutaneous- beneath skin, directly in skin from soil
Cutaneous- epidermis, hair & nails, transmitted by contact of infected hairs (barber, shower)
Superficial- hair shaft, surface epidermal, Tropical
Opportunistic- host debilitated, antibiotics, immunosupressed (pneumocystis, yeast infection)

13. Zygomycota Conjugation fungi Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Common black bread mold
Rhizopus, Mucor- Compost piles exposure could cause respiratory infection

14. Ascomycota Sac fungi Molds with Septate hyphae and some yeasts
Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores.
Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses) inhalation
Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)
Ring worm, athlete’s foot

15. Basidiomycota Club fungi mushrooms
Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores.
Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis) inhalation of soil/bird feces
Malassezia- dandruff, dermatitis

16. Anamorphs Anamorphic fungi (used to be Deuteromycota)
Reproduce by asexual spores only.
Penicillium
Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis) puncture wound/soil
Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses) inhalation/soil
Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses) normal human biota

17. Lichens
Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus.
Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast.
Can live together in locations where neither could survive alone: rocks, exposed soil

18. Lichens
Figure 12.10

19. The Algae Mostly aquatic: kelp, pond scum, green stains on rocks
Unusual place: hair of sloth, polar bear
Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic), lack tissues (roots, leaves, stems)
Most are photoautotrophs

20. Algae
Table 12.1

21. Algae
Figure 12.11a

22. Phaeophyta Brown algae (kelp) Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls
Multicellular
Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls
Store carbohydrates
Harvested for algin- thickener in foods
Figure 12.11b

23. Rhodophyta Red algae Cellulose cell walls Most are multicellular
Chlorophyll a and d,
Store glucose polymer
Harvested for agar and carrageenan-thickener
Figure 12.11c

24. Chlorophyta Green algae Cellulose cell walls
Unicellular or multicellular
Chlorophyll a and b
Store glucose polymer
Gave rise to plants
Figure 12.12a

25. Bacillariophyta Diatoms Pectin and silica cell walls Unicellular
Fossilized diatoms formed oil (Store EN)
Produce domoic acid-toxin in mussels
Daughter cell retains ½ cell wall from parent
Figure 12.13

26. Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellates “plankton”
Cellulose in plasma membrane-rigid structure
Unicellular algae
Store starch
Some are symbionts in marine animals
Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning from eating shellfish
Red Tide- mollusks should NOT be harvested
Figure 12.14

27. Oomycota Water molds Cellulose cell walls Multicellular
Chemoheterotrophic
Produce zoospores
Decomposers and plant parasites
Figure 12.15

28. The Protozoa
Table 12.1

29. Protozoa Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs
Vegetative form is a trophozoite.
Asexual reproduction is by
Fission, budding, or schizogony.
(multiple fission)
Sexual reproduction by conjugation.
Some produce cysts, during unfavorable conditions.
Figure 12.16

30. Archaezoa No mitochondria- mitosome (remnant of mitochondria)
Multiple flagella, symbionts
Giardia lamblia- enteritis
Trichomonas vaginalis – urethritis,
vaginitis
Figure 12.17b–d

31. Microspora No mitochondria Nonmotile Intracellular parasites
Reported since 1984
Nosema diarrhea, conjunctivitis

32. Amoebozoa Move by pseudopods
Entamoeba- human intestinal tract causes dysentery
Transmitted by
Ingesting of cysts
Acanthamoeba-
Growing in
water can
infect cornea
Figure 12.18a

33. Apicomplexa
Special organelles apexes (tips) w/enzymes that penetrate the host’s tissues
Nonmotile in mature forms
Intracellular parasites
Complex life cycles

34. Apicomplexa Plasmodium- malaria, world wide
Babesia- RBC parasite, fever and anemia
Cryptosporidium- Respiratory and gallbladder infections in immunosuppressed
Cyclospora- 300 cases of diarrhea associated w/snow peas in US 2004

35. Plasmodium 2 3 8 7 6
Figure 12.19

36. Ciliophora (Ciliates)
Move by cilia
Balantidium coli human parasite, dysentery from contaminated drinking water
Figure 12.20

37. Euglenozoa Move by flagella, simirigid membrane= pellicle
Photoautotrophs, but can use cytostome in the dark to ingest food
Euglenoids- red “eye” spot
Hemoflagellates- blood parasites
Naegleria: meningoencephalitis, in swimming water
Trypanosoma: transmitted by vectors (bug bite) Chagas disease (kissing bug) or tsetse fly
Leishmania: sand fly vector, Leishmaniasis

38. Euglenozoa
Figure 12.21

39. Slime Molds
Have both fungal and amoebal characteristics but are more closely related to amoeba & placed in the phylum Amoebozoa with 2 taxa:
Cellular
Plasmodial

40. Slime Molds Cellular slime molds
Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis.
Migrating cells called slugs
Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body.
Some cells become spores.

41. Slime Molds Plasmodial slime molds
Exists as protoplasm, Multinucleated large cells which move like amoeba
Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia to make spores when conditions are harsh
Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores which fuse to form diploid

42. Cellular Slime Mold
Figure 12.22

43. Plasmodial Slime Mold
Figure (1 of 2)

44. The Helminths
Table 12.1

45. Helminths (parasitic worms)
Highly specialized to live inside hosts
May lack digestive system
Reduced nervous system
Reduced locomotion or lacking
Reproductive system is complex

46. Helminths (Parasitic Worms) pg 378
Eukaryotic, Multicellular animals, Chemoheterotrophic
Generally infect the digestive tract
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Class: Trematodes (flukes, flat leaf shaped)
Class: Cestodes (tapeworms, suckers)
Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms)

47. Trematodes
Figure 12.25

48. Humans as Definitive Host
Figure 12.26

49. Cestodes
Figure 12.27

50. Humans as Intermediate Host
Figure 12.28

51. Nematodes: Eggs Infective for Humans
Figure 12.29

52. Nematodes: Larvae Infective for Humans
Figure 25.26

53. Arthropods as Vectors pg 378
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes
Crustacea (4 antennae)
Crabs, crayfish
Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks
Figures 12.31a, 12.32

54. Arthropods as Vectors
Figure 12.33