1. By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li
The Somali Civil War
By: Christian Haig and Yuyi Li

2. Table of Contents Post UNISOM Somalia Geography TNG and ICU People
ICU and Ethiopia
TNG-ICU Conflict
Ethiopian Invasion
Islamist Groups
Coalition Government
Recent Occurrences
Problems that the UN face in Somalia
UN Role in Somalia
Solutions
Bibliography
Geography
People
History
Rise of Siad Barre
Siad Barre and Dictatorship
Ogaden War ( )
Uprising in the NW ( )
Overthrow of Siad Barre
The Result
More Violence in Somalia
Effect of Turmoil
United Nations Operation in Somalia I
United Nations Operation in Somalia II

3. Geography Capital: Mogadishu Coastline = 2,720 km Horn of Africa North
hilly
Central & South
flat
"Somalia Map - African Countries, Map of Somalia Facts Landforms - World Atlas." World Atlas including Geography Facts, Maps, Flags - Worldatlas.com. Web. 07 Jan <

4. People 60% = nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists (north)
25% = farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural zone (south)
15% = urban
" Somalia Tips." Somalia Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan <
"Understanding Somalia." MercatorNet: promoting human dignity. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan <

6. History Clans Imperialism (late 1800s) Britain,Italy,France
Independence (June 26th,1960)
United Republic of Somalia
Abdullahi Issa & Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke

7. History (cont.) Assassination of President Sharmarke
Army seizes power, 1969
General Siad Barre leads overthrow regime

8. Rise of Siad Barre Scientific Socialism
Marxism + Koranic interpretation
Expansionist Somali nationalism
Homogenous, centralized nation-state
Unstable because of clans
Attempted to reclaim territory from Ethiopia

9. Siad Barre's Dictatorship
Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC)
End "tribalism, nepotism, corruption, and misrule"
Aligned with Soviet Union
National Security Services (NSS)
'Somali Gestapo'
Clan favoritism
M.O.D (the Mareehaan, Ogaden and Dulbahante)

10. Ogaden War (1977-1978) Ogaden region in Ethiopia Somali National Army
3 years after fall of Ethiopia’s Emperor Haile Sellasie
Soviet Union & Cuba alliance change
Supported new Marxist Ethiopia
Withdrew support from Barre

11. Ogaden War (1977-1978) cont. Effects of the war Economy in the north
1983 → 1.3 million refugees in Somalia
Economy in the north
Clan favoritism & resentment
Issaq clan
Ogadeen clan

12. Uprising in the NW (1978-1982) Majeerteen clan The Red Berets
Destroyed water reservoirs
2,000 Majeerteen died from thirst
Violence against women/children

13. Overthrow of Siad Barre
United States government provided $163.5 million to Barre
Lost Iranian ally
1979 revolution
Horn of Africa to Gulf oil shipping routes
Barre's army =120,000 troops
Somali National Movement (SNM)
1979
Isaaq exiles
1980s → Ogadeen refugees in (north) Isaaq clan territory
1988 SNM raided refugee camp
Barre = civilian assault

14. Overthrow of Siad Barre (cont.)
United Somali Congress (USC)
1989
Hawiye clan exiles
Red Berets
Violence against Hawiye and Isaaq clans
Bombing of Hargeisa, 2nd largest city, 70% destroyed, 400,000 fled to Ethiopia
January 27th,1991 → USC fought back
Drove Siad Barre out of Mogadishu

15. The Result Republic of Somaliland United Somali Congress (USC)
Somali National Movement (SNM) NW
Mohammad Ibrahim Egal → “president of Somaliland
United Somali Congress (USC)
Seized Mogadishu
Siad Barre dies in exile 4 years later → Nigeria

16. More Violence in Somalia
USC has no plans for permanent government
No reconciliation between factions and armed groups
USC splits
Muhammad Fara Aidid & Ali Mahdi
Mahdi → Somali Salvation Alliance (SSA)
Declared himself “president of Somalia”

17. More Violence in Somalia (cont.)
Somali National Front (SNF)
Siad Barre's supporters
Guerbaharre
1991 → 6 months open combat between groups
September 1991 → USC dominated, more street fighting in Mogadishu

18. Effects of Turmoil Government & civil society decayed
Food distribution collapsed
Drought exacerbated the effects
Famine in south
1992, international aid
80% food shipments looted by armed groups & government
The United Nations decides to intervene

19. United Nations Operation in Somalia I (April 1992 - March 1993)
Monitor cease fire
Escort delivery of humanitarian supplies
Resolution 751 (1992)
Mission strengthens
Resolution 767 (1992)
Operational zones: Berbera, Bossasso, Mogadishu and Kismayo
Military of 750 units, all ranks
Worked with United Task Force (UNITAF)
Resolution 794 (1992): “All means necessary”
24 countries led by the USA

20. UNOSOM I (cont.) 100-Day Action Plan massive infusion of food aid
aggressive expansion of supplementary feeding
provision of basic health services and mass measles immunization
urgent provision of clean water, sanitation and hygiene
provision of shelter materials, blankets and clothes
simultaneous delivery of seeds, tools and animal vaccines with food rations
prevention of further refugee outflows
institution-building and rehabilitation of civil society.
Factions shelled and hijacked supply ships and vehicles

21. Reconciliation January 1993, meeting convened by the Secretary-General
14 Somali political movements agreed on a ceasefire
pledged to hand over all weapons to UNITAF and UNOSOM
General Agreement of 8 January 1993
Agreement On Implementing The Cease-fire And On Modalities Of Disarmament
Agreement On The Establishment Of An Ad Hoc Committee
The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia (March 1993)
leaders of 15 political movements endorsed an accord on disarmament, reconstruction and the formation of a transitional government.

22. Transition to UNOSOM II
Supplanted UNITAF
To help ensure a secure environment in Somalia
Rebuild and reestablish
Infrastructure
Economy
Chapter VII, Resolution 814 (1993)

23. UNOSOM II (March 1993 - March 1995)
Transition of operational control from UNITAF
Effective deployment and consolidation of United Nations operational control throughout Somalia and the border regions
Reduction of UNOSOM II military activity, and assistance to civil authorities in exercising greater responsibility
Reduction of UNOSOM II force

24. UNOSOM II (cont.)
Soldiers killed by factions → disregarded agreements of ceasefire
Resolution 837 (1993)
Take all necessary measures to defend armed attacks
Quick Reaction Force
Nairobi Declaration & Addis Ababa Agreement
Peace throughout Somalia & ceasefire
Factions/clans broke agreement
Secretary-General urged another conference to appoint new government

25. End of UNOSOM II
Secretary-General: only the Somalis themselves could establish acceptable peace
International community could help the process → can't be sustained indefinitely
Withdraw of UNOSOM II force → March 28,1995
United Nations agencies and organizations
NGOs

26. Blackhawk Down Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden
"Black Hawk Down (2001) - IMDb." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 07 Jan <
Web. 07 Jan
<

27. Post UNOSOM Somalia
Central government
Law system

28. TNG and the ICU International Conferences Area of conflict
ICU dominance
Effect of ICU rule
Al-Shabaab declares black Islamic flag in Somalia

29. ICU and Ethiopia
ICU's power spread
Ethiopian outlook
African Union

30. ICU-TNG Conflict
African Union thwarted
Arms buildup
Jihad
Baidoa

31. Ethiopian Invasion
Victory
ICU's Fate

32. Islamist Groups
Al-Shabaab
Hizbul Islam
Islamic Courts Union

33. http://www. marinebuzz

34. Coalition Government Moderate Islamists and the TNG Mogadishu
Technocratic government

35. Recent Occurences Drought and famine Al-Shabaab
Possible AU peacekeeper increase
Kenya UN

36. Problems that the UN face in Somalia
United Nations aid workers in the country are limited as there is no established
protection on site. Aid workers face the constant threat of kidnapping for ransom.
International aid has been routinely looted due to a variety of factors including
government corruption and desperate food and health conditions.
Islamist groups view the United Nations with distrust and deny it access to their
land, believing that the United Nations has a political agenda.

37. UN Role In Somalia
No large-scale United Nations peacekeeping operation in the
country since the UNOSOM II.
Passed Resolution 1838, in which an anti-piracy fleet is
sanctioned to operate off of Somalia's lawless coastline.
The World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations program, also has a
presence in the country.
A United Nations program designated towards establishing a functioning
government in Somalia called the United Nations Political Office for Somalia is
currently active in Kenya.

38. Solutions UN Peacekeepers Offensive action Protection of aid
Protection of government institutions
United Nations Political Office for Somalia
Development
IMF

39. Solutions (cont.) 3. International Help AU Anti-insurgency
Monetary goals
4. Political Unification
TNG
Puntland
Somaliland
5. End to Piracy
6. Alleviate the Effects of the Famine
Long term and short term goals

40. Bibliography
1. The United Nations' database on the UNOSOM I & UNOSOM II
<
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2. From United Nations Political Office for Somalia
<
3. Somalia – Infrastructure, Power, and Communications
<
POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html>
4. GlobalSecurity on the Somalia Civil War
<
5. From AllAfrica, information pertaining to the Islamist's stance on the United Nations was
obtained.
<
6. General history of the Somali Civil War
<
7. Information on the Somali Civil War was taken from Conciliation Resources.
<
8. GlobalSecurity on the far-reaching consequences of the Somalia Civil War