1. Ch. 13.3: Genetically Engineered Organisms
Objectives:
Describe how biologists genetically modify plants and animals.
Explain a technique used to clone animals.
Summarize the GMO controversy
Vocabulary
G.M.O.
Transgenic

2. Selective Breeding: Old School Genetic Engineering
indirect manipulation of DNA
select parents with desirable traits
create “better” individual
oldest way to improve a species
breed cats, dogs, horses, trees, mice

3. Selective Breeding: Methods
1. Inbreeding
- to maintain traits in a population
- mate parents with similar genomes
- keeps desirable traits, but increases risks for undesirable mutations (illness/disease)
2. Outbreeding (Hybridization)
- Crossing of distantly related organisms
- offspring sterile but hardier (hybrid vigor)
- ex. Mule, hybrid corn, ligers, etc.

4. Genetic Engineering Direct manipulation of DNA
- cutting and pasting of genes
- design organisms or create transgenic organisms
Creates a transgenic organism- organism with foreign DNA or rDNA
Genetically Modified Organism = GMO
Any organism that has acquired genes by artifical means.

5. Genetic Engineering: Basic Steps
Isolate desired DNA sequence
Restriction enzymes cut and remove DNA sequences.
Attach desired DNA to a VECTOR
Ligase binds DNA fr. different sources.
Vector = bacteria plasmid or virus that will carry recombinant DNA to host.
3. Cloning: Host organisms transcribes and translates desired DNA sequence. Makes MANY COPIES of enzyme or protein.

6. Creating Plant GMOs Applications Insert genes for:
natural insecticides
Pesticides
Growing larger fruits/bigger flowers
Increase “nutrient” content.
Common in soybeans, rice, corn, wheat

7. Creating Animial GMOs Applications Bigger cattle, leaner meat
More milk production
Better wool production
Have animals produce human proteins to treat disorders.

8. Animal Clones Steps Sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, pigs, etc.
Remove nucleus fr. Egg.
Replace nucleus w/ nucleus (and chromosomes) fr. a somatic cell
Shock w/ electricity to stimulate cell division
Place embryo in surrogate female for gestation.
Sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, pigs, etc.
Problems: advanced aging and cancer in clones.

9. GMO Controversy Pros: New genes can improve crops or animals.
Cons: Could GMOs be harmful to us?
New allergies? Cancer/illness? Not many studies. Not regulated. Economic concerns

10. Cloning & Stem Cell Controversy
Stem cells = undifferentiated cells that can turn into any type of cell (nervous, cardiac, skin, etc.)
Could be used to treat a host of illness/disease
Repair damaged spinal cord tissue
Replace damaged cardiac muscle
Sources: Embryos; Adult cells: bone marrow and cord blood (Embryos have the most promise/potential)

11. Allowed in U.S. (state by state) w/ restrictions
Therapeutic Cloning
Use embryonic stem cells to create specialized human cells.
Goal: Cure disease
Embryo does not develop into a human.
Allowed in U.S. (state by state) w/ restrictions

12. Reproductive Cloning
Create a human clone.
Strictly prohibited!